Best of Opera Volume 5 [1] It was significant for Mozart that in 1786 he was encouraged by the Emperor to collaborate with Lorenzo da Ponte in the...
Best of Opera Volume 5
[1] It was significant for Mozart that in 1786 he was encouraged by the
Emperor to collaborate with Lorenzo da Ponte in the composition of an Italian
opera, The Marriage of Figaro, a task more often entrusted to Italian
composers. The new opera was based on one of a trilogy of plays by Beaumarchais
already banned in Vienna. Da Ponte, however, was able to assure the Emperor
that anything objectionable had been removed from the opera based on the second
of these plays. Figaro, in the service of Count Almaviva, leads the intrigue
that finally deflects the Count's attentions from his beloved Susanna, maid to
the Countess, in a series of events that reveals Figaro's own parentage, shows
the love-lorn page Cherubino in love with being in love, and finally puts all
matters. The brilliant overture sets the scene, as Figaro measures the room
allocated to him and his bride Susanna, one conveniently close to the Count's
own quarters.
[2] Carmen, by the French composer Georges Bizet, set new and disturbing
standards of realism when it was first mounted in Paris in 1875. Carmen is a
gypsy factory-girl, employed in a Seville cigarette factory. Arrested for
assault, she persuades her guard, the young Don Jose, to let her go and to join
her and her criminal companions in the mountains. Her purpose achieved, she
soon tires of him and turns her attentions to the handsome toreador Don
Escamillo. She goes with him to the arena in Seville, but is waylaid by Don
Jose, who murders her, in a fit of jealous rage. Carmen sings her seductive Seguidilla
to Don Jose, suggesting a tavern where they may meet, once she has escaped
from arrest.
[3] There is a mixture of realism and the exotic in much of the work of
Giacomo Puccini, not least in The Girl of the Golden West, set in the
wilds of California and first staged at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in
1910. The drama centres on the love of Minnie and the bandit Ramerrez, alias
Dick Johnson. Johnson is caught and is to be hanged, but pleads with his
captors not to let Minnie know of his fate, but to imagine him free and far
away. Before the execution can take place, however, Minnie comes to his rescue,
threatening the men, who eventually allow her and her lover to go free.
[4] Gioachino Rossini
was brave in his decision to base an opera on the first play of the
Beaumarchais Figaro trilogy, challenging a popular earlier opera by Paisiello. The
Barber of Seville was at first at a disadvantage when it was performed in
Rome in 1816. In the end, of course, it has been Rossini who has triumphed over
Paisiello. The plot deals with Count Almaviva's wooing of Rosina, ward of the
jealous old Dr Bartolo. The Count lets Rosina believe that he is a student and
gains entry to Dr Bartolo's house through subterfuge, once as an officer
supposedly billeted on the household and then as a music-master. In all this
intrigue he is abetted by Figaro, the barber of the title, and is finally
successful. The Count, known to Rosina as Lindoro, has serenaded her and in the
second scene of the opera she recalls his voice and, being a girl of some
spirit, resolves to have her own way and marry the man she wants.
[5] The German operas and music-dramas of Richard Wagner reveal another
world. Lohengrin was first seen in Weimar in 1850, directed by Franz
Liszt, after the composer had been forced to seek refuge in Switzerland. The
work is based on legends and early German accounts of the quest for the Holy
Grail. Elsa of Brabant is unjustly accused by the nobleman Telramund of
fratricide. She is defended by a mysterious knight, whom she marries, but whose
name she is forbidden to seek. When the knight is revealed as Lohengrin, a
knight of the Grail, he must leave, but before his departure he is able, by a
miracle, to restore to life Elsa's brother Gottfried. The third act of the
opera brings the famous Bridal March, marking the entry in procession of
Lohengrin, the king and nobles and of Elsa and her ladies.
[6] Ludwig van Beethoven wrote only one opera. Fidelio, however,
caused trouble enough, with an unsuccessful first performance in 1805 and a
revision in 1806. It was in 1814, however, that the opera took on its final
form. The work is a Singspiel, a German opera with some spoken dialogue.
It celebrates the heroism and marital love of Leonora, who disguises herself as
a boy, Fidelio, and takes service under the jailer Rocco in the prison where
the wicked prison governor Don Pizarro has imprisoned and finally intends to
murder her husband, Florestan. Leonora has overheard Don Pizarro trying to
enlist Rocco in his plan to murder Florestan, before the king's minister
arrives to investigate rumours of malpractice. She is horrified, exclaiming at
this abominable plan, but resolving to find a way to help Florestan.
[7] The last of Mozart's operas to be staged in his lifetime was a Singspiel
based in part on masonic practices. In The Magic Flute, still
running in Vienna in December 1791 at the time of Mozart's death, the hero
Tamino must undergo various ordeals before he may be united with his beloved
Pamina, daughter of the evil Queen of the Night. The tests to which he is put,
accompanied by the comic bird-catcher Papageno, a man of lowlier ambitions,
bring him finally both to Pamina and to the enlightened band of priests
surrounding the high priest Sarastro. The second act opens with the solemn
march of the priests, from whom Sarastro seeks agreement that Tamino shall be
admitted, after due trial, to their company.
[8] Umberto Giordano's Andrea Chenier, first staged in Milan in
1896, is set during the French Revolution. Before the Revolution Chenier
reveals libertarian sympathies at a reception at the house of the Countess de
Coigny, offending the company by his views. In the Revolution Maddalena, the
Countess's daughter, seeks Chenier's protection, but he too is under threat. He
fights with and wounds Gerard, former servant of the de Coignys and now a
leading revolutionary and his rival in love of Maddalena. Recovered, the latter
succeeds in having Maddalena arrested and brought before him. In the present aria
she tells him of the hardships of her life after the death of her mother and
the destruction of their house. She will give herself to him, however, in
return for the freedom of Chenier, now a prisoner. Before the tribunal Gerard
tries to defend Chenier, but is unsuccessful and in a final act Maddalena,
brought by Gerard to visit Chenier before his execution, changes place with
another prisoner, to be executed with her beloved.
[9] In La Traviata Giuseppe Verdi depicts the love of the young
Alfredo for the courtesan of the title, Violetta. The couple set up house
together, but she is induced to give him up, after the pleading of his father,
who finds disgrace for the family in his son's relationship. This she does, to
the anger and contempt of Alfredo, who only learns the reason for her action as
she lies dying of consumption. The Prelude to the first act introduces a
poignant theme of love that is to return as Violetta lies dying. The opera was
first performed in Venice in 1853.
[10] Verdi's Rigoletto, first given in Venice two years before,
centres on the court jester of the title and his master, the Duke of Mantua,
whom he abets in acts of seduction, only to lose his own daughter, Gilda, to
the Duke. The latter, disguised as a student, Gualtier, gains access to
Rigoletto's closely guarded house, leaving her, as she here declares, in love
with his dear name, ironically not his true one. Gilda is abducted by hostile
courtiers, seduced by the Duke and forced to learn of her lover's duplicity, as
he philanders with Maddalena, the sister of the assassin Sparafucile, bribed by
Rigoletto to kill him. In the event Sparafucile kills Gilda, disguised as a
boy, when she, knowing her likely fate, enters his house. Rigoletto, outside,
waits to receive the Duke's body, but the sack that Sparafucile gives him
holds, instead, his beloved and dying daughter.
[11] Verdi set his opera Aida, designed for the new Cairo Opera
House in 1871, in ancient Egypt. Aida, daughter of the Ethiopian King Amonasro,
is a captive, a slave to Amneris, daughter of the King of Egypt. Radames leads
the Egyptian armies against Amonasro, who is defeated and captured. In love
with Aida, Radames is rewarded by the King with the hand of Amneris, who loves
him. He is then tricked into revealing to Aida the military plans of the
campaign against the Ehiopians, overheard by Amonasro. His apparent treachery
is discovered by Amneris, jealous of his love for Aida, and he is condemned to
death, immured in a tomb, where he is joined in death by Aida. In the present
aria Radames longs to be chosen to lead the armies against Ethiopia, in the
hope that he might secure the release of Aida.
[12] Verdi's Il Trovatore, first staged in Rome in 1853,
introduces a plot of some complexity. Manrico, the troubadour of the title,
finds himself at enmity with his brother, the Count di Luna, in war and in
love. He has been brought up by the gypsy Azucena as her son and his true
identity is only revealed to the Count after Manrico's death at his hands,
allowing Azucena final revenge for the death of her mother and her own child.
Leonora, loved by Manrico and his brother, gives herself to the latter in
return for Manrico's freedom, taking poison in an attempt to outwit the Count.
In the present aria she sings of her love, as she stands below the tower where
the Count has imprisoned her lover.
[13] Cosě fan tutte was Mozart's final collaboration with the
librettist Da Ponte and was first performed in Vienna in 1790. In a symmetrical
plot two lovers resolve, with the prompting of the cynical Don Alfonso, to test
the loyalty of their mistresses, two sisters. This they do by pretending to
leave for the wars and returning in foreign disguise, when they prove all too
successful, each winning the heart of the other's beloved. In the present aria
one of the lovers, Ferrando, sings of love, after it has seemed that the
sisters will stand firm against their blandishments.
[14] Derived from Scott's novel The Bride of Lammermoor, Donizetti's
Lucia di Lammermoor, first seen in Naples in 1835, presents the tragedy
of the heroine of the title, forced by deception into marriage with Lord Arturo
Bucklaw, whom she murders in madness, seeming to see, instead, her marriage to
her beloved Edgardo, the displaced heir of Ravenswood, who kills himself when
he learns of her death. The famous mad scene brings distorted memories of
earlier happiness in music that makes great technical and dramatic demands on
the singer.
Keith Anderson