Frederick Delius (1862-1934)
On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring and other orchestral
works
The ten orchestral works by Frederick Delius that are
performed in chronological order on this disc span the whole of his creative
life. They also illustrate the cosmopolitan aspect of his art and his love of
the four countries that most inspired him, England, America, Norway and France.
Marche Caprice, which can now be heard with its extra flute
and cornet parts, was composed in Paris in 1889 when Delius was 27, and revised
in the following year. Although clearly influenced by such works as Bizet's
Jeux d'enfants, its middle section already shows some typically Delian
characteristics, with its wistful harmonies and haunting oboe solo. After
side-tracking himself, Delius remembers just in time that he is writing a
march, however capricious it may be.
It would seem logical that the Three Small Tone Poems
(1888-90), presented here as a group for the first time, were originally four
in number. Three of the four seasons are represented and there is documentation
to confirm that a piece called Autumn (Tone Poem) once existed, though this has
yet to be found. All three pieces display Delius's instinctive affinity with
nature and the open air. Summer Evening breathes the requisite relaxed
sensuousness, though towards the end it reaches a surprisingly full and impassioned
climax. Winter Night, which is also known under its original title Sleigh Ride,
originated as a piano piece that Delius composed in 1887 while a student at
Leipzig and first played at a party on Christmas Eve given by Grieg. The
jingles of the sleigh are characterful and the music crisp, but one cannot help
feeling that the two slower sections, depicting the quiet that falls over the
moonlit landscape after the sleigh passes, are even closer to Delius's heart.
The atmospheric Spring Morning, a companion piece to Idylle de printemps of the
previous year, remained unpublished until 1989.
Delius spent from March 1884 to June 1886 in America, first
managing a citrus plantation in North Florida and later giving violin and piano
lessons in Virginia. The improvised harmonies of the singing of Negro workers
in both places were a lasting influence on his art. American Rhapsody of 1896
is an early, much shorter, version of the extended orchestral and choral work
that in 1902 became Appalachia, and features the haunting old Negro slave song
which served as the theme for variations in that work. Scored for a large
orchestra, it opens in typically ruminative Delian fashion. The Negro theme is
then announced in a dance-like section over a lively banjo (harp and pizzicato
cello) accompaniment, and then restated in a slower tempo in the minor by
strings and wind in the most expressive chromatic harmonization. Soon the
minstrel-show song Dixie and Yankee Doodle make their appearance, and suddenly
it seems as if we are watching and hearing a procession of American marching
bands in all their raucous glory, complete with random thwacks on the bass
drum. There is a wistful, poetic coda. American Rhapsody was first performed as
recently as 1986.
Although Delius composed his fourth opera A Village Romeo
and Juliet during the years 1899-1901, the extended entr'acte played between
the last two scenes, later known as The Walk to the Paradise Garden, was not
composed until the rehearsal period before the opera's staged première in
Berlin in February 1907. Delius originally wrote a relatively short orchestral
interlude, which started with the first fifteen bars of the present version. He
extended and greatly enriched his score when he was required to supply extra
music to cover the scene change from the Fair to the country inn known as ' The
Paradise Garden'. After a few slow introductory bars, the Moderato 'walk'
begins. This is the music of a young boy and girl who have recently found each
other again after being separated by the bitter quarrel of their parents, and
who have just enjoyed the simple pleasures of a local fair. They decide to
escape from prying eyes and go to 'The Paradise Garden' inn, but on the way
their newfound happiness overcomes them and they sit down on a bank and kiss
tenderly (woodwind chords) as they had earlier in the opera, but now more
lingeringly. This inflames the latent love they have for each other, and the
music becomes passionate and ecstatic, only to subside gradually in a poignant
dying fall. In his biography of the composer, Sir Thomas Beecham quotes a
distinguished colleague's apt comment on the opera and perhaps this interlude
in particular: 'This is the most heartbreaking music in the world'.
By the second decade of the twentieth century Delius had
produced a succession of large-scale masterworks but, almost ironically, the
appearance of the Two Pieces for Small Orchestra of 1911-12 were to set the
seal on his fame. On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring develops in typically
rhapsodic style a Norwegian folk-song (also used by Grieg in his Op. 66) that
he had come to know through Percy Grainger. It achieved an instant success
owing to the powerful combination of a haunting tune and the harmonic mastery
with which Delius treats it. Marked In a flowing tempo it displays, right from
its magical opening chord, the pantheistic identification with nature that lies
at the core of this composer's art. Much the same goes for the even more
exquisite Summer Night on the River, though here the focus is more specifically
on the river Loing at the end of Delius's garden near Fontainebleau where, in
the failing light, the fireflies and gnats skim the surface of the slowly
flowing water. This is the exact musical equivalent of a nature painting by
Monet, Pissarro or Sisley.
Another work scored for chamber orchestra, A Song before
Sunrise (1918), the last of Delius's orchestral studies inspired by the natural
world, is one of his more bracing miniatures. The outer panels, marked Freshly,
enclose a slower, more reflective, middle section. The only oddity is the
title; a song at sunrise would be understandable, but before is more puzzling.
One possible explanation is to be found in Nietzsche's Thus Spake Zarathustra,
that Delius loved and drew on for A Mass of Life, which contains a
chapter-heading Before Sunrise.
Finally, the last piece that Delius ever wrote. As is well
known, the few works dating from the last years of the blind and paralyzed
composer's life (1929-34) were laboriously dictated to his young amanuensis,
the Yorkshire organist Eric Fenby. For Fantastic Dance, cast in A-B-A form,
Delius was able to draw on a short, fully orchestrated fragment (A) and a
sketch of some contrasting material (B). It is not known when the second
section was composed, but its treatment seems to hark back to the dance-like
music of the fair scene in A Village Romeo and Juliet. The 'fantastic' element
of the title may refer to the whole-tone scale heard in the opening bars, a
feature that is not otherwise characteristic of Delius. Appropriately dedicated
to the long-suffering Fenby, the work was first performed in London in January
1934. Delius listened to the broadcast in France; it was to be his last
première, for the totally incapacitated but stoic 72-year-old composer died
four months later.
Hugh Priory