Edward Elgar (1857-1934)
Sacred Choral Music
Edward Elgar was born near Worcester, in the West of
England, in 1857. His father was a piano-tuner, organist, violinist and
eventually a shopkeeper, and it was from him and from his own private study
that Elgar acquired much of his musical training. As the son of a tradesman and
a Catholic he had social and religious obstacles to overcome, and in this his
wife, nine years his senior and the daughter of an Indian army general, was of
the greatest assistance. He at first made his living as a free-lance musician,
teaching, playing the violin and organ, and conducting local amateur orchestras
and choirs. His first real success away from his own West Country was in 1897
with his Imperial March, written for the royal jubilee celebrating sixty
glorious years of Queen Victoria. His reputation was further enhanced by the
so-called Enigma Variations of 1899. The oratorio The Dream of Gerontius, which
followed in 1900, later became a staple element in British choral repertoire.
His publishers Novello had not always been particularly generous in their
treatment of him, but he came to rely on the encouragement of the German-born
Augustus Johannes Jaeger, a reader for the firm, who found in Elgar's music
something much more akin to the music of his native country.
Public recognition brought Elgar many honours, his position
sealed by the composition of music for the coronation of King Edward VII. He
was awarded honorary doctorates by universities old and new and in 1904
received a knighthood. Further honours followed and finally, in 1931, a
baronetcy. Acceptance, as represented by the musical establishment of the
country, was confirmed by the award of the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic
Society in 1925. Elgar's work had undergone significant changes in the later
years of the 1914-18 war, evident in his Cello Concerto of 1919. His wife's
death in 1920 removed a support on which he had long relied, and the last
fourteen years of his life brought a diminishing inspiration and energy in his
work as a composer, although he continued to appear as a conductor in both the
concert-hall and recording studio. He died in 1934.
In his early years in Worcester Elgar had been closely
involved with the music of St George's Church, where his father served as
organist, and therefore with the Catholic liturgy. It was for St George's that
Elgar wrote early settings of Tantum ergo, Salve Regina, and Domine salvam fac.
In 1885 he took over from his father as organist, but was not happy with the
position and had little good to say of the choir. His work in the West Country
as a violinist, conductor and organist continued until his marriage in 1889 and
his attempt the following year to establish himself in London.
Elgar's first settings of the hymn O salutaris hostia, for
the Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, date from about 1880. The setting in
F major, included in a compendium of such works issued in 1898, is for choir
and organ and is in the simple style favoured in Catholic worship for many
years. The same might be said of the other settings, the first, an Ave verum,
published in 1902, with three more such works issued in 1907. The Ave verum
itself was originally a setting of the burial service Pie Jesu, written in
memory of William Allen, the Catholic Worcester lawyer for whom Elgar had
briefly worked as a fifteen-year old, before music seemed to offer a possible
profession. The composer arranged the work for publication in 1902 with solo
and choral verses in alternation. The Ave Maria, the second of the group,
dedicated to the wife of his Worcester friend and choirmaster with him at St
George's, Hubert Leicester, is more musically substantial. It is followed by
the Marian Ave maris stella, dedicated to the Benedictine Canon Dolman of
Hereford. A treble soloist starts the work, the opening invocation echoed by
the choir in a motet that, still in relatively simple terms, offers a subtler
musical version of the longer text.
In 1891 Elgar and his wife decided to leave London, where he
had had no immediate success, moving now to Malvern, from where he involved
himself once more in the musical life of the region, while enjoying more time
for composition. It was the Hereford Cathedral organist George Robertson
Sinclair who commissioned Elgar's Te Deum and Benedictus for the Three Choirs
Festival of 1897, canticles performed at the opening service. The work was
dedicated to Sinclair. Scored for choir and orchestra or organ, the Te Deum is
introduced by a characteristically Elgarian Allegro maestoso, leading to the
emphatic declaration of the choir, We praise Thee, O Lord. There is a change of
mood at the words The Holy Church throughout all the world, a phrase that is
repeated in different voices, leading to a dynamic climax, followed by changes
of key and rhythm at When Thou tookest upon Thee. The original F major is
restored over a dominant pedal at When Thou hadst overcome. The familiar motif
of the choral opening is heard again, and a great climax is succeeded by a
hushed plea for mercy, a strong statement of trust in the Lord, and a gentle prayer
for salvation, before the final postlude. The Benedictus seems to start in A
minor, before F major is re-established. The final triumphant doxology is
introduced by the return of the organ to the Allegro maestoso of the first
canticle, assuring the thematic unity of the two canticles.
Elgar's first oratorio was The Light of Life, its original
title Lux Christi replaced at the publisher's insistence, to avoid possible
religious prejudice. The work was based on biblical texts assembled by Edward
Capel Cure, who had served as an Anglican curate in Worcester and, as an
amateur cellist, played chamber music with Elgar. The new work was a commission
for the Worcester Three Choirs Festival and had its first performance in the
cathedral in 1896. After revision it was played again at the festival in 1899.
The work deals with the story of Christ's healing of the blind man, as
recounted in the Gospel of St John. The first of the two numbers included here
opens the oratorio, after the initial instrumental Meditation. Seek Him that
maketh the seven stars is for four-part male chorus, representing Levites in
the Temple Courts. The voice of the blind man is heard outside the Temple,
returning once more in supplication, before the Levites complete their prayer.
Light of the World is the final G major chorus, in a confident style well
suited to the cathedral conventions of the day.
The oratorio The Apostles was completed and first performed
in 1903. Elgar had long had the idea of writing such a work, dealing with the
calling of the apostles. The work came in response to a commission from
Birmingham, and the theme was continued three years later in The Kingdom. He
prepared the texts himself, taking some advice from Canon Charles Gorton and
others. The Spirit of the Lord is the prologue to The Apostles, often performed
as an anthem. It sets the tone of what is to follow, while introducing various
motifs later to be associated with the Church and with Christ. The words of the
prologue are taken from Isaiah.
In 1909 the Elgars spent some time in Italy, staying at the
villa of a friend near Florence. Here the composer recovered his spirits, after
a period in which he had felt in need of recuperation. He was able to think
further about his Violin Concerto and his Second Symphony, and wrote, during
his stay, a setting of Rossetti's translation of a poem by Dante's friend Guido
Cavalcanti. This brief meditation on mortality becomes a more extended and
moving unaccompanied part-song, a work of considerable power. It was first
performed in Hereford in September in the same year and was dedicated to his
publisher at Novello, Alfred Littleton.
By 1911, the year of George V's coronation, for which he
wrote the offertory setting of a verse from Psalm V, O hearken Thou, Elgar was
fully established as a composer of importance. The work was also published in a
Latin version, Intende voci orationis meae. The organist at the coronation,
Walter Alcock, assistant to the Westminster Abbey organist Sir Frederick
Bridge, draws attention, in his introduction to the published music of the
service, to the 'many striking progressions' and the final cadence, in a work
that he aptly describes as one of 'reverent supplication'.
Elgar completed his setting of Psalm XLVIII in 1912,
dedicating it to Armitage Robinson, former Dean of Westminster and now Dean of
Wells. He had first met Robinson some years earlier in Alassio and was indebted
to him for theological and historical suggestions for the oratorios The
Apostles and The Kingdom. The psalm was first performed in Westminster Abbey in
July 1912 and is described as 'an anthem for the foundation or commemoration of
a church, or for general use'. It is scored for a six-part choir and bass solo.
Splendid dramatic use is made of contrasted vocal registers in the opening
section. There is an abrupt change of mood and key at the words For, lo! the
kings assembled themselves, and a quasi recitative section leads to the bass
solo We have thought on Thy loving kindness. Upper and lower voices answer each
other in Let mount Zion be glad, and the opening forms the basis of the
confident final section.
The setting of Psalm XXIX was written in 1914 for the Sons
of Clergy Festival at St Paul's Cathedral. It is dedicated to Sir George
Martin, who had succeeded Stainer as organist at St Paul's in 1888. The
powerful opening is apt for the occasion, mounting in triumph at the words The
God of glory thundereth. The cedars are dramatically broken, the wilderness
shaken and the forests stripped bare, before the meditative tranquillity of the
Temple and the following return to the majesty of the opening. The psalm ends
with the serenity of the blessing of peace.
Keith Anderson