It was in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries that the baritone voice came into its own in the opera house. While leading rôles in baroque...
It was in the late eighteenth and the
nineteenth centuries that the baritone voice came into its own in the opera
house. While leading rôles in baroque opera had been entrusted to voices of
higher register, castrati in particular, to be replaced by the tenor, the
baritone, at either end of its possible register, tended to sing paternal or
priestly rôles.
The present gallery of baritone arias opens with one of the most famous
baritone rôles of all, as Figaro, the barber of Seville and intriguer
extraordinary, introduces himself in Rossini's 1816 opera Il barbiere di Siviglia as a man of the most varied abilities with
his Largo al factotum [1], soon to be
put to the test, as he plots to help Count Almaviva win the hand of the young
heiress Rosina, from her avaricious guardian, Dr Bartolo.
Rossini's opera is based on the first of a trilogy by the French
playwright Beaumarchais. Thirty years before, Mozart had collaborated with the
writer Lorenzo Da Ponte in an opera based on the second play in the trilogy,
which became Le nozze di Figaro ('The
Marriage of Figaro'). Here Figaro, in the service of Count Almaviva and about
to marry the Countess's maid Susanna, sets out to foil his master's designs on
the latter's virtue. In Se vuol ballare,
signor contino [3] he expresses his resolve; if the Count wants to dance,
Figaro knows well how to play the tune. In Non
piů andrai [6] he makes fun of the young page Cherubino, a would-be lover
of the Countess and any other young woman available, now despatched by the
Count to the army, where there will be an end to his philandering. With Hai giŕ vinta la causa [8] the Count,
another baritone in an opera where the only tenors have minor comic rôles, in
spite of frustrations, sees a chance of having his way with Susanna, expressing
his feelings to himself in a moving and revealing aria.
Mozart's last opera to be staged was the German Die Zauberflote, which was running in a suburban Vienna theatre at
the time of the composer's death in 1791. Here the hero is a princely tenor,
but the author of the libretto and leader of the company, Emanuel Schikaneder,
himself took the part of the comic bird-catcher Papageno, who accompanies the
prince Tamino in his quest for an enlightenment of which he himself is not
fully capable. Papageno introduces himself in Der Vogelfanger bin ich ja [2].
In 1787 Mozart had written, with Da Ponte, an Italian opera for Prague,
Don Giovanni, based on the legendary
lover of Spanish drama. In Deh! vieni
alla finestra [4] Don Giovanni serenades the maid of his own abandoned
mistress Donna Elvira, who has been lured away by Don Giovanni's servant
Leporello, disguised as his master. The serenade, accompanied by the mandolin,
is unsuccessful, as the proceedings are interrupted by the young peasant
Masetto, whose bride Don Giovanni has attempted to seduce. In the previous act
Masetto and his Zerlina have been entertained with their friends by Don
Giovanni. With Finch'han dal vino [5]
he orders wine and dancing, in pursuance of his amorous designs.
Performances of Mozart and Da Ponte's Cosě fan tutte were curtailed by the death of the Emperor in 1790.
The plot involves the testing of the faith of two girls, whose lovers leave for
the war, only to return in disguise and do their best to tempt their
mistresses, all at the prompting of the cynical Don Alfonso, who has proposed
the test for a wager. Guglielmo, in his Albanian guise, woos Fiordiligi, who
has already expressed her intention of remaining rock-firm in her allegiance to
her lover. The girls leave the room before Guglielmo can finish his aria Non siate ritrosi [7], making the men
burst out laughing, wrongly thinking that they have won their bet and proved
the girls' fidelity. With Donne miei la
fate, a tanti a tanti [9] Guglielmo deals with the misgivings of Ferrando,
whose Dorabella has been the first to succumb to Guglielmo's blandishments;
this, after all, is the way women are, as the title of the opera itself
suggests.
Verdi created some superb dramatic baritone rôles and never more so
than in his 1851 opera Rigoletto,
based on a play by Victor Hugo. The hunchback court jester of the title abets
the amoral Duke in his acts of seduction, but, losing his own daughter to his
master, resolves on revenge that ends only with the death of his daughter
Gilda, who has deliberately protected the Duke from the assassin that Rigoletto
has hired. Before his own tragedy, Rigoletto has been approached by the
assassin Sparafucile, who offers his services, if they should ever be
required. Rigoletto, in Pari siamo [11], sees himself as the
counterpart of the hired murderer, but killing and destroying with this words,
forced by his deformity into the bitter rôle of jester. In Cortigiani, vil razza dannata [13] he curses the vile race of
courtiers, who have abducted Gilda and handed her to the Duke.
Verdi's Il trovatore, first
staged in Rome in 1853, is a tragedy of love and jealousy in which the
troubadour of the title, Manrico, lover of Leonora, stolen by gypsies as a
baby, is captured and put to death by his rival in love, eventually revealed as
his own brother, the Count di Luna. Leonora plans to enter a convent, while the
Count intends to abduct her, singing, in Il
balen del suo sorriso [12], of her charms that he proposes to enjoy.
La traviata, staged in
Venice in the same year and based on the work of Alexandre Dumas, is a very
different work, dealing with the love of the young Alfredo for the courtesan
Violetta, their separation and her final death of consumption. Alfredo's
father, Germont, has persuaded Violetta to break with his son, who is ignorant
of the reason for her action. In Di
Provenza il mar [15] Germont reminds Alfredo of his home, now that Violetta
is gone, but the young man impetuously rushes away to find and reproach her for
her behaviour.
Of Verdi's two Shakespeare operas Otello,
first given in Milan in 1887, casts the villainous Iago as a baritone. In his dream aria, Era la notte [16], he excites Otello's jealousy of his lieutenant
Cassio, by telling of how he had heard Cassio calling on Desdemona in his sleep
and regretting her marriage to the Moor.
Verdi's last opera, Falstaff,
is based on Shakespeare's The Merry Wives
of Windsor. Sitting in The Garter Inn, Sir John has written two love
letters, one to Mistress Ford, the other to Mistress Page, and would have his
followers Bardolph and Pistol deliver them. These two refuse the task as
dishonourable, and Falstaff, in Ehi
paggio! ...L'onore! Ladri! [20] sends his messages with his page, while
abusing verbally and physically, his two henchmen.
The French composer Bizet achieved his greatest success in the theatre
with his last opera, Carmen, dying as
it was first staged, in 1875. The
Spanish gypsy of the title lures the young soldier Don Jose into her own
criminal activities, only to desert him for the toreador Escamillo, introduced
in all his vainglory in Votre toast
[10].
The short operas Pagliacci
and Cavalleria rusticana, the work of
Leoncavallo and Mascagni respectively, are often part of a double bill in the
theatre. The first, staged in Milan in 1892, is a story of love and jealousy,
in which Canio, the leader of a troupe of itinerant actors, murders his wife on
the stage. Si puň?...Si puň [14] starts
the Prologue, given by the clown Tonio, who assures the audience of the truth
of what they are to see, based on an actual occurrence, showing that actors too
have their own feelings. The second work again deals with love and jealousy. In
a Sicilian village Santuzza, deserted by her former lover Turiddu, seeks
revenge by telling the village carter Alfio of the attentions Turiddu has been
paying to the latter's young wife, Lola. The revelation leads to a fight
between the men and Turiddu's death. Unaware of Lola's behaviour in his
absence, Alfio blithely sings in Il
cavallo scalpita [17] of the joys of his work, as he drives his cart
merrily along.
In many ways the heir to Verdi in Italian opera, Puccini had his first
great success in 1893 with Manon Lescaut.
Tosca, first given in Rome in 1900,
centres on the singer of the title, her lover, the painter Cavaradossi, and the
villainous intervention of the wicked chief of police Baron Scarpia.
Cavaradossi, at work on a painting in a church, helps a political fugitive,
Angelotti, to escape, arousing the jealousy of Tosca, who imagines her lover
involved with Angelotti's sister. Scarpia, in pursuit of Angelotti and with
designs on Tosca, provokes her jealousy and in Tre sbirri, una carrozza [18] orders her followed. Cavaradossi is
taken prisoner by Scarpia and tortured, leading Tosca, who is forced to hear
what is happening, to reveal the whereabouts of Angelotti, which she has
learnt. For her lover's release she agrees to accede to Scarpia's demands on
her, and in Quanto?...quanto?...Giŕ mi dicon
venal [19] he proposes his bargain, which neither he nor she will keep.
Keith Anderson