Alan Rawsthorne (1905-1971) Concerto for String Orchestra Concertante pastorale for Flute, Horn and Strings Light Music for Strings (based on Catalan Tunes)...
Alan Rawsthorne (1905-1971) Concerto for String Orchestra
Concertante pastorale for Flute, Horn and
Strings
Light Music for Strings (based on Catalan
Tunes)
Suite for Recorder and String Orchestra
Elegiac Rhapsody for String Orchestra
Divertimento for Chamber Orchestra
Alan Rawsthome was born on 2nd May 1905 in
the Lancashire town of Haslingden and reached his early twenties before
deciding to take up music as his chosen career. Fortunately he abandoned early
study of dentistry in favour of architecture, but failure in the preliminary
stages of these disciplines provided a passport to the Royal Manchester College
of Music, to study the piano and the cello. On leaving college in 1930 he
continued his studies abroad, notably of the piano with Egon Petri. From 1932
to 1934 he taught at Dartington Hall and was composer-in-residence for the
School of Dance and Mime. He won his first notable success at the London
Festival of the International Society for Contemporary Music in 1938 with a
performance of his Theme and Variations for Two Violins. A further
success came at the Warsaw Festival of the same organization in 1939 with his Symphonic
Studies, a first and highly accomplished orchestral score, which was to win
an established place in orchestral repertoire. Following the war, in which he
served in the Army, he devoted himself to composition and between then and his
death in 1971, though not prolific, he produced a number of substantial works
in most of the established forms, many of these in response to commissions,
including a very distinguished contribution to music for films, Between 1937
and 1964 he wrote scores for 26 films, including The Cruel Sea, The Captive
Heart, Where No Vultures Fly, Saraband for Dead Lovers, West of Zanzibar and
Pandora and the Flying Dutchman.
Rawsthorne demonstrated his own
distinctive voice from the very earliest of his published compositions, His
works are marked by clarity of expression and form, craftsmanship and
concision, The characteristics of the rejected disciplines of dentistry and
architecture are to be found in his music, the precision of the former and the
shapeliness and form of the latter. His personality shows through in a degree
of understatement, refusal to compromise or follow fashion and, where fitting,
dry wit, He published some seventy works, including valuable additions to the
piano repertoire, a distinguished body of chamber music, three symphonies,
eight concertos, fifteen orchestral works, a ballet score and a handful of
choral works and songs.
Rawsthorne's Concerto for String
Orchestra received its first performance on Radio Hilversum in June 1949,
with a performance at a London Promenade Concert the following August. It is in
three movements. The main subject of the first movement is stated in the two
opening bars, before launching into a turbulent molto allegro, establishing
the restlessness, felt even in its quieter moments, which pervades the whole
movement. The second subject is identifiable by its broken and resolute rhythm,
in the process of development becoming a fertile source for new material. A
lyrical point of sad repose, provided by solo violin over tremolando strings,
is curtailed by a return to the predominant turbulence, and leads to an abrupt
conclusion. The second movement has three main sections. The principal theme,
reminiscent of the baroque sequence of La folia, is given to the violas
and later developed by the upper strings. The theme of the second section is
solemn, with stormy undercurrents, and distinguished by irregular bar lengths.
Characteristic of Rawsthorne is the shortened version of the opening melody
which forms the coda. The third movement follows without a break. Here the open
intervals bring a change of mood, now optimistic and sunny. It proceeds by a
number of episodes, some introducing new material, giving it the feel of a
rondo. A fugato derived from the main theme of the first movement
combines with the principal melody of the present movement, which comes to
dominate. An emphatic coda brings the work to a close.
Rawsthorne's Concertante pastorale, a
piece for a summer evening, is written for solo flute and horn with strings,
and was composed for the Hampton Court Orangery Concerts, where it was
performed in the year of its composition, 1951. The mood of the whole work is
prefigured in the instruction that the principal theme, played on the horn at
the outset, should be sweet and lyrical. This theme is developed in a series of
episodes in some of which contrast is provided by using the flute in
characteristically florid passage-work. Elsewhere the solo instruments enter
into cheerful dialogue and alternate in accompanying one another's statement of
the principal theme. A solo violin heralds the closing pages, in which the
flute plays the principal theme in its lowest register, accompanied by the
muted horn in a haunting passage of outstanding aural imagination. A succession
of chords, played pianissimo on divided strings, resolve to bring a
hushed close.
The Light Music for Strings, a
short work for string orchestra, is based on Catalan tunes. It was written for
the Workers' Music Association and first performed in 1938. It is in three
sections, the first an amiable Allegro poco maestoso, followed by an Andante
drammatico interlude which leads into a jovial Allegro vivace final
section. The provenance and date of the piece portray the composer's sympathies
in the Spanish Civil War, an event which drew responses from many contemporary
artists. Elsewhere Rawstborne incorporated a snatch of the revolutionary song Bandiera
rossa in the climax of the last movement of his First Piano Concerto, which
also received its first performance in 1938.
A copy of the manuscript of the Suite
for Recorder and String Orchestra, later orchestrated by John McCabe, came
into the possession of the Alan Rawsthorne Society in 1992, as a Suite for
Viola d'amore and Piano. It dates from the 1940s and examination of the
manuscript disclosed that this had almost certainly been adapted from a version
for recorder. Mention of such a work had been made in an article in the musical
press in 1940 in which it was stated that publication would have to be delayed 'owing
to the present emergency'. The antique forms of the movements are congruent
with an instrument readily associated with early music. Rawsthorne's very
distinctive voice dispels any hint of pastiche. A short opening Sarabande is
characteristically majestic, and nods in the direction of La folia. The Fantasia
is composed on the English ballad Wooddy-Cock, to be found in the
Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. The Air is a graceful melody which is
inverted in the middle section, and the work ends with a lively and unbuttoned Jig.
The arrangement of the piano accompaniment for strings was undertaken by
John McCabe for the Rawsthorne Trust.
The score of Rawsthorne's Elegiac
Rhapsody bears the superscription In Memoriam Louis MacNeice. The
poet, a friend of the composer, died in September 1963 and the first
performance of this tribute was in January 1964. The Rhapsody consists
of two elegiac elements stated at the outset, the first expressing sorrow and
resignation, the second vehement protest. What follows is an exploration of
their contrasting relationships and gives the work its rondo-like structure of
alternating slow and quick sections, with the slow sections becoming shorter as
the work progresses, patterning the ebb and flow of grief, The first, sorrowful
idea is spun out in Bart6k-Iike threads on the high strings. The clamorous
protest section, a deploration at the dying of the light, is marked violento,
The emotional heart of the work comes in a sobbing, chordal episode, in
which the composer displays his deepest feelings, This is a spontaneous,
eloquent and solemn tribute from one artist to another.
Rawsthorne composed his Divertimento
for Chamber Orchestra in 1961-2 for Harry Blech, who gave its first
performance with the London Mozart Players in the latter year, The Divertimento
has three movements, Rondo, Lullaby and Jig and is written
for flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns and strings, The opening bars of
the Rondo demonstrate characteristics found throughout Rawsthorne's
music, limpid clarity, economy of expression and use of the basic materials and
brevity of expression, Affectionate writing shows an innate understanding of
the qualities of individual instruments, Rawsthorne was ever anxious to avoid
false sentimentality, always eschewing anything remotely bogus, Even so the Lullaby
is an unadorned expression of tenderness, The Presto final movement
is a dynamic and very unwhimsical Jig which conveys something of the composer's
wry wit and joviality.
John M. Belcher
John Turner
After pursuing a distinguished legal
career for many years, John Turner now devotes his attention to his earlier
parallel career in music as a writer, reviewer, publisher and composer and, in
particular, as a recorder-player, a field in which he has won a considerable
reputation. From early experience with David Munrow's Early Music Consort of
London, he has continued his activities as a performer in collaboration with
leading English chamber orchestras and, in recent years, in concert tours in
Europe and America and in appearances as a soloist with the Halle and Royal
Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestras. His interest in contemporary music is
reflected in the concertos written for him and in some three hundred first
performances, while his own compositions and editions have an essential place
in present recorder repertoire. John Turner has taught at a number of
universities and has taken an active part in other duties, notably as a trustee
of various musical trusts, including the Alwyn Foundation and the Ida Carroll,
Kenneth Leighton, Golland and Rawsthorne Trusts.
Rebecca Goldberg
Rebecca Goldberg studied the French horn
with Michael Purton at the Royal Northern College of Music, thereafter pursuing
a career as a free-lance player with major orchestras throughout the United
Kingdom from her base in Manchester. She has held a position with the Northern
Chamber Orchestra since 1987. Her interest in early music has taken her abroad,
recording and touring with period ensembles, and she has returned to the Royal
Northern College as tutor in natural horn, Her busy career has brought a
variety of recitals and concerts, with a recent recording for the BBC of
Ligeti's Horn Trio.
Conrad Marshall
Conrad Marshall graduated from the Royal
Northern College of Music, winning the Riles medal for orchestral playing. Re
has since pursued a varied career as a soloist, in chamber music and in
orchestral work. For ten years he has served as principal flautist with the
Northern Chamber Orchestra and has appeared as a soloist in a varied repertoire
and in a number of recordings. Re plays frequently with major regional orchestras in the North West of
England, including the Halle, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic and English National
Opera North Orchestras and serves as visiting teacher at Sheffield University
and the University College of St Martin in Lancaster, in addition to his busy
activity as a private teacher. He plays a Brannen-Cooper flute.
Northern Chamber Orchestra
Formed in 1967, the Northern Chamber
Orchestra, based in Manchester, has established itself as one of England's
finest chamber ensembles. Though often augmented to meet the requirements of
the concert programme, the orchestra normally contains 24 musicians and
performs both in concert and on disc without a conductor. With a repertoire
ranging from the Baroque era to music of our time, the orchestra has gained a
reputation for imaginative programme planning. Concerts take the orchestra
throughout the North of England and it has received four major European
bursaries for its achievements in the community. For Naxos the orchestra has
recorded among others Telemann's Orchestral Suites (Naxos 8.553791), the
Sinfonias of Franz Ignaz Beck (Naxos 8.553790) and Stravinsky's The
Soldier's Tale (Naxos 8.553662).
David Lloyd-Jones
David Lloyd-Jones began his professional
career in 1959 on the music staff of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and
soon became much in demand as a free-lance conductor, In 1972 he was appointed
Assistant Music Director at the English National Opera and during his time in
that position conducted an extensive repertory which included the first British
performance of Prokofiev's War and Peace. In 1978, at the invitation of
the Arts Council of Great Britain, he founded a new ful1-time opera company,
Opera North, of which he became Artistic Director, with its new orchestra, the
English Northern Philharmonia, During his twelve seasons with the company he conducted
fifty different new productions and numerous orchestral concerts, including
festival appearances in France and Germany. He has made a number of very
successful recordings of British and Russian music and has a busy career as a
conductor in the concert-hall and the opera- house that has taken him to
leading musical centres throughout Europe and the Americas.