Tenor Arias
Bellini Bizet Donizetti Mascagni Pacini Rossini
Verdi
Rossini's William Tell (1829), based on Schiller's play,
tells of the heroic fourteenth-century Swiss struggle against the oppressive
rule of the Austrians. Melchthal has pledged with Tell to rid their country of
foreign rule, and Melchthal's son, Arnold, has agreed to join them. Melchthal,
however, trying to protect a local herdsman whose daughter an Austrian soldier
was attempting to rape, is taken prisoner and executed. Arnold returns to his
family home and laments the death of his father in the powerful aria Asile
hereditaire [1], which Hector Berlioz thought to be the finest thing in
Rossini's score.
In Donizetti's La fille du regiment (1840), Maria, a girl of
uncertain parentage, was found on a battlefield and raised by the French 21st
Regiment. During the French campaign into the Tyrolean Alps, Maria falls in
love with a local villager, Tonio, who saved her from slipping over a dangerous
precipice when she was picking flowers. French soldiers arrest Tonio, thinking
he is a spy because of his lurking about camp to catch a glimpse of Maria, but
she clears him of any guilt by explaining that he saved her life. Maria and
Tonio declare their love. The soldiers insist that Maria may only marry a
member of the regiment, however, so Tonio enlists and greets his new comrades
in Ah! mes amis [2].
Act I of Donizetti's tragedy La favorite, composed for the
Paris Opera in 1840, is set in 1340 in the Spanish monastery of St James at
Compostela, where Fernand is a novice. As the monks process into the chapel,
Balthazar, the Superior of the order and Fernand's father, notices a disquiet
in his son. When he inquires about the source of the young man's agitation,
Fernand replies with the aria Un ange, une femne inconnue [3], in which he
confesses that he has become obsessed with a beautiful woman he saw praying in
the chapel.
In the rivalry over the rule of thirteenth-century Sicily
that motivates Bellini's Il pirata (1827), Gualtiero has been defeated and
exiled by Ernesto, and has turned to a life of piracy to keep his cause alive.
Both men loved Imogene, but Ernesto has coerced her into marrying him despite
her love for Gualtiero by blackmailing her father, a supporter of Gualtiero's
defeated party. The opera opens as a furious storm drives Gualtiero's ship onto
the Sicilian shore, whereupon he confesses in Nel furor delle tempeste [4]
& [5] that an angelic image of Imogene has stayed always in his thoughts.
Torna, vezzosa Fillide [6] dates from 1826, a year after
Bellini had graduated from the Real Collegio di Musica in Naples and during the
time that he was producing his first professionally staged opera, Bianca e
Fernando, at the city's Teatro San Carlo. Torna, vezzosa Fillide, a shepherd's
lament for his lost Phyllis by an unknown poet, shows Bellini's gifts for
melody, dramatic expression and operatic scale to have been present from early
in his career.
Giovanni Pacini, one of the most popular and prolific
Italian composers of the second quarter of the nineteenth century, produced
some ninety operas, a quantity of other music, several theoretical treatises
and many journal articles. Born in 1796 in Catania, on the cast coast of
Sicily, Pacini was trained in Bologna and Venice, and scored his first success
in 1817 in Milan with the melodramma semiserio Adelaide e Comingio. He was
appointed maestro di cappella to the Duchess Marie-Louise de Bourbon in Lucca
in 1821, built himself a fine house in the coastal town of Viareggio (near
where Giacomo Puccini would make his home seventy years later), and enjoyed
excellent success for the next decade as composer and musical director for
theatres in Naples and Milan. The failure of several operas in the early 1830s,
however, halted his creative work for nearly five years, during which time he
founded a successful music school and a private theatre in Viareggio and
received an appointment as maestro di cappella to the archducal court of Lucca.
After returning to operatic composition in 1839, Pacini incorporated harmonic
and orchestral elements of the flourishing Romantic style and treated only
serious subjects. He continued to compose after moving to Pescia, just east of
Lucca, in 1855, but he was unable to meet the rising competition of Giuseppe
Verdi, and largely devoted the remaining years until his death, in 1867, to
teaching and writing instrumental music. Though Pacini was a talented melodist,
the swift pace of his composition allowed for little polishing of the harmony,
instrumentation and dramatic details of his works. "God help us if he knew
music," Rossini once said, "No one could resist him."
In Bizet's 1875 opera, the seductive Carmen flirts with Don
Jose, a guardsman in Seville's militia, during a break from her work at the
cigarette factory. Carmen returns to the factory. A męlee erupts; Carmen has
stabbed one of the other girls. She is caught as she runs from the factory,
bound, and left in the charge of Don Jose. She promises to meet him at a local
tavern and reward him with her love if he will untie her hands and help her to
escape. He does, and is imprisoned. After his release, he seeks out Carmen, and
tells her of the special pleasure that the flower she gave to him had during
his prison term in the lovely Flower Song [8].
Verdi's I Lombardi alla prima crociata (The Lombards at the
First Crusade) of 1843 shows how Arvino leads the Lombards in an assault on
Antioch. His daughter, Giselda, is captured by the Muslims. Oronte, a Muslim
prince, falls in love with Giselda, and sings of his passion in La mia letizia
infondere [9].
Luisa Miller (1849), based on Schiller's 1784 melodrama
Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love), tells of the title character's love for
Rodolfo, son of Count Walter, and the machinations of Walter to keep them apart
to conceal the fact that he has come into his noble title through murder.
Luisa's father is taken prisoner, and to save his life she writes a letter to
Rodolfo under Walter's duress claiming that she in fact loves another.
Convinced of Luisa's faithlessness, Rodolfo sings of his heartbreak in Quando
le sere al placido [10].
Il trovatore (1853), set in northern Spain at the beginning
of the fifteenth century, is a tale of nobles and gypsies and the vengeful
circumstances that bring them together to share tragedy. The mother of the
gypsy Azucena has been burned at the stake as a witch by Count di Luna. As the
old woman dies, she calls upon her daughter to avenge her death; Azucena steals
the Count's infant brother. A baby's skeleton, found in the burned embers
surrounding the stake, is assumed to be the missing child. The opera begins
twenty years later. Manrico, believing himself to be the son of Azucena, is the
enemy of Count di Luna. Both love Leonora, but it is Manrico's affections that
she reciprocates. In Ah, sě, ben mio [!], Manrico acknowledges the strength
that he finds in the love of Leonora. Count di Luna subsequently sentences
Azucena to a fiery death at the stake on suspicion of spying, and Manrico sets
off to rescue her in Di quella pira [12]. Through the tangled web of the story,
Manrico is captured in battle by di Luna, who sentences his enemy to death.
Leonora offers herself to di Luna in exchange for Manrico's life. Di Luna
accepts, and agrees to release Manrico, but Leonora swallows poison concealed
in her ring, and dies. Di Luna proceeds with Manrico's execution. Upon his
death, Azucena announces that Manrico was, after all, the Count's younger
brother, and that she has finally won a terrible vengeance for her mother's
execution.
Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana (1890) created a sensation
when it was firsr staged on 17th May 1890 in Rome. The progenitor of an Italian
operatic sub-species known as verismo (realism), it was one of the first modern
operas to depict contemporary settings and characters on stage, and was
produced with immediate and enormous success across Europe and in the United
States. The one-act story is set in the square of a Sicilian village on Easter
morning. Turiddu returns from the army to find that his former sweetheart,
Lola, has married Alfio. With Lola unavailable, Turiddu consoles himself with
the charms of the peasant girl, Santuzza. She falls in love with Turiddu, and
is infuriated when he returns to Lola for an adulterous affair. Santuzza
confronts Turiddu on the steps of the church when he appears to attend Mass,
but he refuses to be a slave to her jealousy. Lola enters, singing a
light-hearted ditty, grasps the situation at a glance, and exchanges bitter
words with Santuzza. Turiddu, furious at the scene, hurls Santuzza to the
ground, and escorts Lola into church. At this tense moment, Alfio enters, and
Santuzza reveals to him his wife's illicit love for Turiddu. Alfio swears
vengeance, and leaves. A crowd fills the square after the Easter service ends.
Turiddu proposes a toast to the villagers, but Alfio spurns the glass of wine
offered to him. Insulted, Turiddu challenges him to a duel, and bids a
passionate farewell to his mother in the aria Mamma, quel vino č generoso [13].
Turridu and Alfio leave, and the villagers rush back into the square with the
news that Turiddu has been killed.
Richard E. Rodda