Wagner, R.: Scenes From Tristan Und Isolde and Gotterdammerung
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Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Scenes from Tristan und Isolde and Gotterdammerung Richard Wagner inspired in his contemporaries extremes of reaction. His career...
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Scenes from Tristan und Isolde and Gotterdammerung
Richard Wagner inspired in his contemporaries
extremes of reaction. His career was in many ways
thoroughly discreditable. He betrayed friends and
patrons, accumulated debts with abandon, and seemed,
in pursuit of his aims, an unprincipled opportunist.
Nevertheless, whatever his defects of character, he
exercised a hypnotic influence over his immediate
followers, while his creation of a new form of musicdrama,
in which the arts were combined, and the
magnitude of his ambitious conception continue to
fascinate.
As a boy in Leipzig Wagner was inspired by the
example of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, while his
literary ambitions drew strength from a study of
Shakespeare. Study of music in Leipzig was followed in
1833 by appointment as chorus-master at the opera in
Wurzburg, through the agency of an elder brother, a
principal tenor there. The next year he became music
director to Heinrich Bethmann's theatre company,
moving with it to Magdeburg, largely at the insistence
of the actress Minna Planer, whom he followed to
Konigsberg, marrying her there in November 1836. The
following spring saw him as music director to the
Konigsberg theatre and in the summer he took up an
appointment as music director in Riga, where he was
joined again by Minna, who had earlier deserted him for
other lovers. Employment in Riga ended in March 1839
and debts now forced Wagner to take flight, sailing to
London, but finally finding refuge and a possible
realisation of ambitions in Paris.
While the French capital offered experience that
proved fruitful, there were practical difficulties in
earning a living. In 1842, however, Wagner succeeded,
with the help of Meyerbeer, in securing a staging of his
opera Rienzi in Dresden, followed by Die fliegende
Hollander and appointment as music director at the
court opera. He held this position until involvement
with revolutionaries in 1849 forced him to seek refuge
in Switzerland. Years spent there, interrupted by
periods in Paris, Venice, and Vienna, brought growing
achievement as a composer and the patronage of King
Ludwig II of Bavaria in Munich, where the great music
dramas of his maturity were staged. Rivalries forced his
departure, again to Switzerland, where, on news of the
death of his wife, who had remained in Dresden, he was
joined by Liszt's illegitimate daughter Cosima, the wife
of the pianist and conductor Hans von Bulow. A year
before her divorce from von Bulow, she bore Wagner a
son, Siegfried, and brought with her two daughters that
Wagner had fathered. The couple married in 1870 and
the following year Wagner turned his attention to the
building of his own opera house in Bayreuth, with
further support from King Ludwig, from whom Wagner
had been estranged for some years. It was in the new
theatre that the first complete performance of Der Ring
des Nibelungen was performed in 1876, to be followed
in 1882 by the first staging of Parsifal. Over the years
Wagner had generally spent the winter in the warmer
climate of Italy. He died in Venice in February 1883.
After his escape from Dresden Wagner had been
helped in Switzerland by the banker Otto Wesendonck,
with whose wife the composer established a
relationship, finally exposed by Wagner's wife, Minna.
This domestic intrigue lay, in part, behind the story of
doomed lovers in Tristan und Isolde, in which the hero,
Tristan, betrays his king and benefactor, King Marke,
whose bride, Isolde, he has escorted over the water to
her new husband. Their love is brought about by a love
potion, administered, during the course of their journey,
by Brangane, Isolde's servant.
[1] The second act of the opera is set in the grounds
of King Marke's castle in Cornwall on a summer night.
The garden is surrounded by high trees, with steps
leading up to Isolde's chamber. There is a torch burning
by the open doors. The King, himself has just left on a
hunting expedition and the horns are heard in the
distance. Brangane, standing on the steps, looks towards
the departing huntsmen and then back at the chamber,
from which Isolde emerges. [2] Isolde listens to the
sounds of the night, oblivious to Brangane's concern
that the hunt is still within hearing; [3] no horn-call is so
gentle as the sound of the flowing spring. Brangane
warns her mistress that she should beware of Melot, a
treacherous friend of Tristan, who has organized the
King's night-time expedition as a ploy to catch the
lovers unawares, and laments the potion she had
administered to the lovers, the source of their trouble.
[4] Isolde dismisses Brangane's warning; it was love
that brought her and Tristan together, and she dismisses
Brangane's presentiments of danger. Seizing the torch,
she dashes it to the ground, the signal for Tristan to join
her in the garden. Aware of nothing but the power of
love, she awaits Tristan's arrival, while Brangane goes
to keep watch for the return of the hunt.
[5] Tristan hastens in and the lovers greet each other,
intoxicated by their love for each other that seems a
dream. [6] They regret their separation, apart so long,
inveighing against distance, and praising their nearness
to each other. [7] The day, treacherous and a bitter
enemy, seems hateful to them, deceiving Tristan into
bringing Isolde as bride for the King. [8] Isolde
continues her reproaches against day that had deceived
her into plotting Tristan's death, together with her.
[9] Tristan continues praise of night and of the draught
of death that, instead, brought their love, after the
deception of daylight. Isolde adds that the false potion
deceived him in his hope for death. Tristan claims it
brought him deeper understanding of the night. [10] Now
they are consecrated to the night, no longer deceived by
the light of day. [11] Tristan kneels by Isolde's side,
calling on the night of love to come down on them,
singing a prolonged hymn to the night. [12] In their hearts
there is the light of love, joining them, heart to heart.
[13] Their ardent expressions of love are interrupted only
by Brangane's admonition as she keeps vigil in a nearby
tower. [14] Emotions intensify, the lovers seeking death
rather than awakening from their love. [15] Their love for
each other defies death. [16] Their love is Tristan and
Isolde and will destroy death. [17] Their death means
eternal happiness, for ever, without end. Brangane is
again heard briefly, warning the lovers that day is near.
[18] The love duet continues, as they seek the night and
love, [19] rising unrestrainedly towards an ecstatic
climax.
The scene that follows opens with a horrified
scream from Brangane, as Kurwenal rushes in, warning
Tristan to make his escape, followed by the King, Melot
and their friends. The King questions Tristan,
reproaching him for this betrayal of trust. Tristan replies
obliquely that he no longer feels himself to be a creature
of this world and invites Isolde to join him in the sunless
land of his birth. She agrees, Tristan kisses her, but
Melot, incensed by the frustration of his own love for
her, attacks Tristan who falls wounded into the arms of
Kurwenal.
Gotterdammerung (Twilight of the Gods) was the
last opera of the tetralogy The Ring of the Nibelung.
It was first staged at Bayreuth in 1876. The work
reaches its climax in the funeral pyre of the hero
Siegfried, joined in death by the Valkyrie Brunnhilde,
and culminating in the final conflagration that
overwhelms Valhalla.
Siegfried, who had awakened with a kiss
Brunnhilde, the Valkyrie, condemned by her father to a
rock surrounded by fire, has been killed by Hagen.
[20] In the Immolation Scene she orders the men to raise a
pyre for Siegfried, to bring his horse, to share with her
the funeral rites. [21] She tells of the purity of Siegfried,
the truest, who yet had broken every oath and vow.
[22] She calls on Wotan to hear her, now with her
knowledge restored to her; his ravens may take him a
message of peace. [23] She gives a sign to the men to bear
Siegfried's body to the pyre and takes from his finger
the ring, which she now will return to the Rhine with
her ashes. [24] She takes a burning brand, bidding the
ravens fly home and on their way urge Loge to Valhalla
to bring fire there. [25] She hurls the brand onto the pyre
and mounting the horse, Grane, rides into the flames,
which burn the fiercer. [26] The Rhine swells and
overflows its banks, quelling the fire, as the
Rhinemaidens emerge. Hagen, casting aside spear,
shield and helmet, plunges into the water, eager to seize
the ring, and is dragged down by the Rhinemaidens,
who now hold the ring up in triumph. In the sky
Valhalla is seen, with the gods and goddesses sitting
motionless, as the great hall is consumed in cleansing
fire, bringing the reign of gods and heroes to an end.
Keith Anderson
Note on the Performance
Wagner's concert ending to the Love Duet (of which this is only the second recording) was evidently created in
1862 against the possibility of concert use. Wagner made a number of such concert introductions and endings,
most of which are published for the first time in the ongoing Schott Complete Wagner Edition. The Tristan
Konzertfassung forms part of the Appendix to Vol. 8-III, p.183. Musically, it could not be simpler. The ending of
the Love Duet and the end of the Liebestod are virtually identical, and to round off the duet all that is required is to
append the final nineteen measures of the Liebestod (beginning at bar 1681 of Act Three) to the end of the Love
Duet (after bar 1630 in Act Two). This leaves the question of the vocal parts ˇV and it is these that exist in a twostave
pencil sketch by Wagner. Isolde's lines remain virtually untouched, and are practically identical to the final
bars of the Liebestod. This left Wagner only to supply a vocal part for Tristan, which weaves in and around
Isolde's lines, echoing her sentiments.
Tristan enthusiasts will find much else of interest in the appendix to this volume, including new music to
facilitate cuts in Acts II & III, as well as all the alterations in Tristan's part which Wagner made to accommodate
the first Tristan, Ludwig Schnorr von Carolsfield, during the abortive rehearsals in Vienna between 1861 and
1863. Today's tenors will be horrified to discover that most of these changes meant taking the vocal part higher
rather than lower, as Schnorr was evidently a high tenor who found the role uncomfortably low.
John McGlinn
Tristan und Isolde (more info)
Performed by:
WDR Symphony Orchestra
Maastricht Limburg Symphony Orchestra
Bayreuth Festival Orchestra
RAI Symphony Orchestra, Turin
London Symphony Orchestra
New York Metropolitan Opera Orchestra
West German Radio Symphony Orchestra
Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra
London Philharmonic Orchestra
Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra
Philharmonia Orchestra
Russian State Symphony Orchestra
Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra
Royal Swedish Opera Orchestra
Berlin State Opera Orchestra
San Francisco Opera Orchestra
Berlin Stadtischen Opera Orchestra
Composed by:
Richard Wagner
Conducted by:
Gaetano Merola
John McGlinn
Fritz Reiner
John Barbirolli
Arturo Basile
Karl Elmendorff
Ed Spanjaard
Bertrand de Billy
Georges Sebastian
Erich Leinsdorf
Karl Muck
Leif Segerstam
Johannes Wildner
Wilhelm Furtwangler
Leo Blech
Albert Coates
Roberto Paternostro
Ivan Anguelov
Set Svanholm, tenor
Johan Botha, tenor
Martin Bruns, baritone
Frida Leider, soprano
Anny Helm, soprano
Helen Traubel, soprano
Ivar Andresen, bass
Ulrik Qvale, tenor
Charlotte Margiono, soprano
Gunnar Lundberg, baritone
Kirsten Flagstad, soprano
Elfriede Marherr-Wagner, soprano
Nanny Larsen-Todsen, soprano
Gunnar Graarud, tenor
Rudolf Bockelmann, bass-baritone
Joachim Sattler, tenor
Gustav Rodin, tenor
Hans Beer, tenor
John Horton Murray, tenor
Margaret Jane Wray, soprano
Edwin McArthur,
Gwyneth Jones, soprano
Magnus Kyhle, tenor
John Erik Eleby, bass
Martina Dike, mezzo-soprano
Hedwig Fassbender, mezzo-soprano
Maria Callas, soprano
Lauritz Melchior, tenor
Robert Dean Smith, tenor
Josef Greindl, bass
Ludwig Suthaus, tenor
Blanche Thebom, mezzo-soprano
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, baritone
Rudolf Schock, tenor
Edgar Evans, tenor
Rhoderick Davies, baritone
Nancy Maultsby, mezzo-soprano
Heidi Brunner, soprano
Lennart Forsen, bass
Wolfgang Millgramm, tenor
Linda Watson, soprano
Deborah Polaski, soprano
Recording date: February 6, 1943
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Einleitung (Prelude) - 1:58
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Horst du sie noch? - 2:29
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Nicht Hornerschall tont so hold - 6:09
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Dein Werk? O tor'ge Magd! - 3:56
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Isolde! Tristan! Geliebte(r)! - 2:57
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Wie lange fern! Wie fern so lang! - 1:19
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Dem Tage! Dem Tage! - 4:51
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O eitler Tagesknecht! - 2:15
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In deiner Hand den sussen Tod - 1:56
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Doch es rachte sich der verscheuchte Tag - 3:51
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O sink hernieder, Nacht der Liebe - 2:36
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Barg im Busen uns sich die Sonne - 2:42
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Einsam wachend in der Nacht - 2:43
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Lausch, Geliebter! - 1:46
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Unsre Liebe? Tristans Liebe? - 2:10
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Doch unsre Liebe - 1:58
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So sturben wir, um ungetrennt - 2:57
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Soll ich lauschen? - 1:41
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O ew'ge Nacht, susse Nacht! - 5:43
Gotterdammerung (Twilight of the Gods) (more info)
Performed by:
WDR Symphony Orchestra
Philadelphia Orchestra
Bayreuth Festival Orchestra
New York Metropolitan Opera Orchestra
West German Radio Symphony Orchestra
Philharmonia Orchestra
Russian State Symphony Orchestra
Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra
Berlin State Opera Orchestra
San Francisco Opera Orchestra
Dresden Staatskapelle
Stuttgart State Opera Orchestra
Studio orchestra
Berlin Stadtischen Opera Orchestra
Composed by:
Richard Wagner
Conducted by:
Christian Thielemann
John McGlinn
Rosario Bourdon
Artur Bodanzky
Georges Sebastian
Uwe Mund
Eugene Ormandy
Lothar Zagrosek
Wilhelm Furtwangler
Leo Blech
Roberto Paternostro
Kurt Striegler
Edith Haller, soprano
Fionnuala McCarthy, mezzo-soprano
Ulrike Helzel, mezzo-soprano
Simone Schroder, contralto
Stephen Gould, tenor
Tichina Vaughn, mezzo-soprano
Eva-Maria Westbroek, soprano
Albert Bonnema, tenor
Hernan Iturralde, bass
Franz-Josef Kapellmann, bass
Luana DeVol, soprano
Janet Collins, soprano
Sue Patchell, soprano
Sarah Castle, soprano
Frida Leider, soprano
Eduard Habich, bass
Ernestine Schumann-Heink, contralto
Roland Bracht, bass
Kirsten Flagstad, soprano
Marjorie Lawrence, soprano
Elfriede Marherr-Wagner, soprano
Margaret Jane Wray, soprano
Edwin McArthur,
Hans-Peter Konig, bass
Gwyneth Jones, soprano
Andrew Shore, bass
Martina Dike, mezzo-soprano
Josef Herrmann, baritone
Ludwig Hofmann, bass
Lauritz Melchior, tenor
Helga Ros Indridadottir, mezzo-soprano
Dorothee Manski, soprano
Friedrich Schorr, bass-baritone
Lani Poulson, mezzo-soprano
Max Lorenz, tenor
Christa Mayer, mezzo-soprano
Linda Watson, soprano
Ralf Lukas, bass
Recording date: 11 January 1936
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Starke Scheite schichtet mir dort - 3:32
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Wie Sonne lauter strahlt mir sein Licht - 2:10
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O ihr, der Eide ewige Huter! - 3:42
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Mein Erbe nun nehm ich zu eigen - 2:32
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Fliegt heim, ihr Raben! - 1:27
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Grane, mein Ross! Sei mir gegrusst! - 2:10
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Apotheosis - 5:11