Luigi Boccherini was born in Tuscany in 1743, in the beautiful old walled town of Lucca and died in Madrid in 1805. His was a cultured family. His elder...
Luigi Boccherini was born in Tuscany in
1743, in the beautiful old walled town of Lucca and died in Madrid in 1805. His
was a cultured family. His elder brother Giovanni Gastone, distinguished as a
dancer and choreographer, was also a poet and wrote opera libretti for Salieri,
among others, and the text of Joseph Haydn's oratorio II ritorno di Tobia. His
sister, a dancer in Vienna, married Onorato Vigaṇ and was the mother of the
famous dancer and choreographer Salvatore Vigaṇ. His father was a professional
double bass player and Luigi Boccherini himself made his debut as a cellist at
the age of thirteen. In 1757 he went to study in Rome but had only been there a
few months when both he and his father were summoned to Vienna to play in the
court orchestra. Although barely fifteen years old, his performance apparently
made a deep impression on the Viennese musical establishment, which suggests
that this reportedly very amiable and affable young virtuoso had plenty of
opportunity to shine as a soloist in concertos and in chamber music.
From this time onwards Boccherini's life
was a very busy one and involved much travelling. He returned to Lucca on
various occasions, finally, in 1764, taking up a position in the musical
establishment and retaining his connection there for the following three years.
In 1766 he embarked on an extended concert tour with the Lucca violinist Filipo
Manfredi, reaching Paris in 1767. Here he had some of his works published and
appeared with Manfredi at the Concerts spirituels, among other
engagements. It was seemingly in 1768 that Boccherini and Manfredi travelled to
Madrid, very probably with the promise of enthusiastic patronage from the
Spanish court. Boccherini's principal patron was the Spanish Infante Don Luis
for whom he wrote many new works. In the circumstances in which he found
himself he was able to continue his particular interest in chamber music, as
shown in his first Paris publications, embarking on his famous series of string
quintets, with a concertante first cello part.
Boccherini followed the Infante Don Luis
to Avila, after the latter's marriage earned official disapproval, but after
the death of the Infante in 1785 he was granted a pension of half his salary by
the King. In 1786 he was appointed chamber composer to the heir to the Prussian
throne, an enthusiastic amateur cellist, who in the following year succeeded
his uncle as Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia. There is no record, however, of
any visit by Boccherini to the court in Berlin. He sought a renewal of his
appointment in 1798, after the death of the king, but this was not granted.
According to later members of his family Boccherini was offered a teaching
position at the new Conservatoire in Paris, where his music enjoyed
considerable esteem, but graciously declined the offer. In Madrid, however, he
had for some years enjoyed the support of private patrons and was employed by
the French ambassador to Spain, Lucien Bonaparte, who reached Madrid late in
1800.
Throughout his life Boccherini pursued his
concert career with enormous energy and at the same time wrote a quite
unbelievable amount of music. In his last years, no longer playing but still
composing, he appeared to be living in reduced circumstances, in some financial
difficulties and no doubt suffering from the recent death of his second wife
and also of two daughters. He died in 1805.
Boccherini made an incomplete thematic
catalogue of his own works but this was destroyed in the turmoil of the Spanish
civil war. Only in 1969 did Yves Gerard publish a new catalogue of the complete
ceuvre, listing eleven concertos. The twelfth cello concerto was only discovered
in 1987 in a library in Naples. The twelve known cello concertos are all
probably quite youthful works, written before he settled in Madrid. These works
exploit virtuoso technique, a prominent feature of which is the use of
extremely fast passage-work in the very highest registers of the instrument,
sometimes with additional double-stopping to provide the performer with even
greater difficulties.
Concerto No.1 in C major starts
with an orchestral tutti that presents some of the typical features of
Boccherini's style. The music is open, fresh, uncluttered, yet sensual,
optimistic and essentially appealing. In the second theme the clear harmonic
palette is delicately shaded by momentary chromatic changes which yield to a
repetition of the opening theme. In the slow quaver tread of the very touching Largo
which follows, however, we are reminded that the High Baroque is not so far
away. The final Allegro has many of the formal characteristics of the
first movement, a kind of loose sonata-form. In the cellist's opening theme
high and low notes alternate at some speed, as visually as it is audibly impressive.
Aldo Pais notes the similarity of the second theme of this movement to the very
famous minuet from the fifth string quintet.
In Concerto No.2 in D major the
solo cello sections are accompanied only by violins, which, with the high cello
melodies, gives the music an airy lightness and grace. The opening Allegro is
very florid, mixing all kinds of varied rhythms within the phrase, which is one
of the defining characteristics of the rococo style. The Adagio contrasts
solemn, very chromatic and almost hymn-like music with the decorative lines of
the two solo sections. The surefooted joyful finale begins with a pedal note
and features accented syncopations in the manner of Haydn. This is a rustic
dance, tidied up and presented with a certain courtly elegance and decorum for
the Viennese court.
The opening Allegro moderato of Concerto
No.3 in G major is quite a complex structure with a number of varied
thematic ideas in the orchestral and the solo expositions. The orchestral
accompaniments to the solos are for violins and violas only. The joy of this
concerto is its slow movement in G minor. With the simplest of means this Adagio
creates a mood of real seriousness and of deeply felt emotion. The long
held melody note at the beginning of the main theme is certainly reminiscent of
slow movements in Each. The finale returns to the courtly elegance of a Quasi
menuetto but with an extended form mixing sonata and rondo principles.
Rather unusually, finales in Boccherini often have the same richness of
thematic content and complexity as his opening movements.
The Concerto No.4 in C major returns
to the fuller sonority of the first concerto. In the opening movement an
unusual feature occurs just before the cadenza in which the orchestra sustains
harmonies while the cello weaves arpeggiated figures around them. The cadenza
proper takes up these patterns to lead with a flourish into the final
orchestral tutti. The dotted rhythms and slightly melancholic elegance
of the Adagio are rather reminiscent of the sophistications of the
French stile galant. The Allegretto begins with an energetic
rising string figure, which suggests that Boccherini was already under the
influence of the Mannheim orchestral style. This theme is heard eight times in
the course of the sonata-form movement. The crystal clarity of the texture and
the repetitions and economy of thematic material give the impression of a
light-hearted rondo.
John Marlow Rhys
Tim Hugh
The British cellist Tim Hugh won two top
medals at the 1990 Tchaikovsky Competition. He studied with Aldo Parisot at
Yale and Jacqueline Du Pre in London before gaining his MA in Medicine at
Cambridge. He has played with most British orchestras and toured in Japan,
Poland, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Brazil and Italy. He is now
principal cellist with the London Symphony Orchestra and with them has
performed Boulez' Messagesquisse (standing in for Rostropovich), Richard
Strauss's Don Quixote and Walton's Cello Concerto with Andre
Previn, and Brahms's Double Concerto under Sir Colin Davis. For Naxos he
has recorded Britten's Cello Symphony (8.553882), HoIst's Invocation (8.553696)
as well as concertos by Bliss (8.553383), C.P.E. Bach (8.553298) and Hofmann
(8.553853).
Scottish Chamber Orchestra
Formed in 1974, the Scottish Chamber
Orchestra has won an international reputation for quality of performance in its
innovative approach to the performance of a wide range of music has made it a
respected pioneer. Joseph Swensen's first season as Principal Conductor, in
1996/97, attracted the acclaim of critics and audiences both in Scotland and
south of the border. His recordings with the orchestra have added to a
distinguished list of over a hundred recordings, many with the conductor
laureate Sir Charles Mackerras. The Scottish Chamber Orchestra is committed to
serving the whole of the Scottish community, while sustaining its international
role as Scotland's foremost cultural ambassador. A busy touring schedule has
taken the orchestra in recent years to over a hundred different cities, towns
and villages in Scotland, while international tours have brought visits to the
United States, the Far East and, on a regular basis, Europe. There has also
been a close and fruitful relationship with the music of leading contemporary
composers, including the ten Strathclyde Concertos by the orchestra's
Composer Laureate, Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, commissioned by Strathclyde
Regional Council for the orchestra's principals, as well as a number of
important works by the orchestra's Affiliate Composer, James MacMillan.
Anthony Halstead
Anthony Halstead's prominence in the
period movement has taken him increasingly to those modem instrument orchestras
wishing to develop an awareness and style of authentic baroque and classical
practice, Born in Manchester, he attended Chethams School and the Royal
Manchester College of Music, where he studied piano, horn, organ and
composition. Subsequently he studied the harpsichord with George Malcolm and
conducting with Sir Charles Mackerras and Michael Rose and now has a varied
career as a conductor, director, harpsichordist and as a horn soloist of
international repute. Anthony Halstead made his professional conducting debut
in 1976 with the world premiere of the music-theatre work One and the Same by
Elizabeth Lutyens. Following the development of his interest in authentic
performance practice he has worked regularly with several period instrument
orchestras, notably The Hanover Band, The Academy of Ancient Music and The
Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, conducting or directing outstanding
concerts that have included a programme devoted entirely to Bach at the London
Promenade Concerts, at the prestigious Berlin Bach Tage and on tour in The
Netherlands. Among his many recordings are performances of the complete Drottningholm
Music by J.H. Roman and, with the cellist Tim Hugh, the complete cello
concertos of Boccherini for Naxos. His many invitations to conduct or direct
outside Britain include appearances in the United States, Scandinavia, the
Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.