Wolfgang - Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791) Symphony No.40 in G Minor, K. 550 Symphony No.41 in C Major, K. 551 "Jupiter" Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was...
Wolfgang - Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791)
Symphony No.40 in G Minor, K. 550
Symphony No.41 in C Major, K. 551 "Jupiter"
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756, the son of
Leopold Mozart, who in the same year had published his important book on
violin-playing. Leopold Mozart was an educated man, who had embarked on study
at the Benedictine University in Salzburg but had turned rather to music,
thereafter, entering the service of the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, to
become composer to the court and finally, in 1763, deputy Kapellmeister.
It was unfortunate that early distinction never brought Mozart the full
measure of material success and security that he and his father regarded as his
due. In Salzburg an indulgent patron had been succeeded in 1772 by an
archbishop with better defined ideas of what was due from his servants. There
were reforms in the church liturgy and restrictions on leaves of absence
neither of which pleased the Mozarts. The effect of this was Mozart's decision,
in 1781, to secure his dismissal, which he did during the course of a visit by
the archbishop and his entourage to Vienna.
Independence in Vienna brought its own problems. There was initial
success, with the composition of works for the theatre, a field in which Mozart
had long wished to shine, and appearances in concerts. Towards the end of the
decade his popularity seemed to wane, but at the time of his death in 1791 the
German opera The Magic Flute was enjoying enormous success.
The summer of 1788 found Mozart and his wife established by June in new
quarters further out of town. In a letter to his fellow-mason, Michael
Puchberg, he points out the advantages of the change, since the place is
cheaper than the Landstrasse, nearer the centre of Vienna, which he had left in
December the previous year, after some embarrassment over the payment of rent:
furthermore, there is a garden and the house is equally suitable for summer or
winter. The object of Mozart's letter to Puchberg was primarily to raise money,
if possible a large enough sum to enable him to discharge debts as they
occurred, a request with which Puchberg was wise enough not to comply. Funher
letters of a similar kind were to follow.
It was during the space of a few weeks that Mozart wrote down his last
three symphonies, of which the Symphony in G
minor, K. 550, is the penultimate. The first of the group, the Symphony in E flat, in which oboes are
replaced by clarinets, was finished on 26th June, the second, in G minor, on
25th July and the third, the so-called Jupiter
Symphony, two weeks later. The G minor Symphony, originally written
without clarinets, had these instruments added in a later revision. Unlike its
companions, it makes no use of trumpets and drums. Presumably the three
symphonies were intended to form pan of concerts to be given in Vienna in the
coming season. In fact Mozart was to give no more concerts of his own music, as
he had done in earlier years in Vienna. His last Piano Concerto, K. 595, was performed as pan of a programme
arranged by the clarinettist Joseph Bahr in March, 1791. The G minor Symphony probably formed pan of a
concert conducted by Salieri, the court Kapellmeister, with an orchestra of 180
players in April of the same year.
The symphony opens with an intensely dramatic theme, presented by
strings, leading to a gentler second theme, shared with the wind. The central
development traces the opening figure through various keys, introducing a
strongly contrapuntal element. The recapitulation, reached through a descending
woodwind sequence, completes the movement, with the second theme now assuming
particular poignancy in the minor key. The E flat major Andante suggests not
only by its key something of the mood of the preceding E flat Symphony. It is followed by a
Minuet with a contrasting G major Trio. The finale remains in the minor key,
contrary to the more usual practice that preferred to dispel tragedy by
optimistic triumph at the end of a symphony. The second subject, in the key of
B flat major, still retains an air of melancholy, a characteristic properly
maintained when it makes its re-appearance in the final section of the
movement.
The so-called Jupiter Symphony, the
Symphony in C major, K. 551, bears the date 10th August, 1788, and
is scored for flute, oboes, bassoons, horns, trumpets and drums, and strings.
The first movement opens with an immediate and striking call to our attention,
followed by a gentler addition from the strings, elements of great importance
in what is to come. The strings introduce a second theme and a third, towards
the close of the exposition. It is this last that opens the central development
section of the movement, contrapuntal activity leading to the premature
re-appearance of the opening figure and ultimately to the recapitulation
proper.
The slow movement, in the key of F major, makes use of a richness of
harmony that sets off the characteristic pathos of the melodic material. It is
followed by a Minuet and Trio that lead to the final movement, the contrapuntal
features of which persuaded later commentators to describe the work as the
symphony with a closing fugue. Some element of counterpoint is not altogether
unusual in the last movement of a symphony, but Mozart here provides an
inspired example of the technique, with a remarkable series of canonic
imitations in the coda, as the instruments imitate in turn a series of thematic
fragments from earlier in the movement.
Capella Istropolitana
The Capella Istropolitana was founded in 1983 by members of the Slovak
Philharmonic Orchestra, at first as a chamber orchestra and then as an
orchestra large enough to tackle the standard classical repertoire. Based in
Bratislava, its name drawn from the ancient name still preserved in the
Academia Istropolitana, the orchestra works in the recording studio and
undertakes frequent tours throughout Europe. Recordings by the orchestra on the
Naxos label include The Best of Baroque Music, Bach's Brandenburg Concertos,
fifteen each of Mozart's and Haydn's symphonies as well as works by Handel,
Vivaldi and Telemann.
Barry Wordsworth
Barry Wordsworth's career has been dominated by his work for the Royal
Ballet which started when he played the solo part in Frank Martin's Harpsichord Concerto, a score used by Sir
Kenneth MacMillan for his ballet, Las
Hermanas. In 1973 he became Assistant Conductor of the Royal
Ballet's Touring Orchestra and in 1974 Principal Conductor of Sadlers Wells
Royal Ballet. He made his debut at Covent Garden conducting MacMillan's Manon in 1975 and since then has conducted
there frequently. He has toured extensively with the Royal Ballet, conducting
orchestras in New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Canada and Australia,
where he has been guest conductor for Australian Ballet.
In 1987 while retaining his connection with both Royal Ballet companies
as guest conductor, Barry Wordsworth also worked with the Royal Liverpool
Philharmonic Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic, the Philharmonia, the Ulster
Orchestra, the BBC Concert and the London Philharmonic Orchestra. For the Naxos
label Wordsworth has recorded a number of Mozart and Haydn symphonies, works by
Smetana and Dvorak and for the Marco Polo label works by Bax.