Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 Symphony No. 6 in F Major "Pastoral", Op. 68 Beethoven wrote nine symphonies,...
Ludwig van Beethoven
(1770-1827)
Symphony No. 5 in C
Minor, Op. 67
Symphony No. 6 in F
Major "Pastoral", Op. 68
Beethoven wrote nine
symphonies, the first heralding the new century, in 1800, and the last
completed in 1824. Although he made few changes to the composition of the
orchestra itself, adding, when occasion demanded, one or two instruments more
normally found in the opera-house, he expanded vastly the tradition al form,
developed in the time of Haydn and Mozart, reflecting the personal and political
struggles of a period of immense change and turbulence. To his contemporaries
he seemed an inimitable original, but to a number of his successors he seemed
to have expanded the symphony to an intimidating extent.
Beethoven's Symphony
in C minor, Opus 67, is a work that has enjoyed enormous popularity, not
least for its patriotic associations that accord well with the period of its
composition and have proved to suit the sensibilities of later generations. For
some the work has become known as Fate, as the result of an alleged remark of
the composer, reported by the unreliable Schindler, on the opening of the first
movement - Thus Fate knocks at the door. It has been left for others to point
out that there is plenty of evidence for similar knocking at doors in other
compositions by Beethoven, the initial rhythmic figure being one that he found
to his purpose on other occasions.
Beethoven composed
music relatively slowly and carefully, and the early sketches for the C minor Symphony
are found in notebooks of 1804, the period of the Eroica Symphony. The
work was completed in 1808 and dedicated to Count Razumovsky, Prince
Lichnowsky's brother-in-law, the Tsar's representative in Vienna and a patron
of great munificence, while his money lasted, and to Prince Lobkowitz. It
received its first performance at a concert on 22nd December, 1808. The taxing
programme, that resulted in near disaster in the final Choral Fantasia, included
the Pastoral Symphony and the Fourth Piano Concerto, as well as a
number of items for soloists and chorus.
It seems that the Fifth
Symphony was at first intended, like the Fourth, for Count Franz von
Oppersdorff, from whom the composer certainly received some payment. By
September of the year of its completion, however, Beethoven had sold it to the
publishers Breitkopf and Hartel. In orchestration the Fifth Symphony shows
innovations in its inclusion of the piccolo, the double bassoon and three
trombones in the final movement.
The sixth of
Beethoven's nine symphonies, the Pastoral, was first performed at a
concert in Vienna in December 1808. The occasion was an important one for the
composer, since it was likely to prove the only significant source of income
for him that year. In preparation for the event he had put aside work on his projected
opera Macbeth and on the alternative text of Bradamante, both supplied by
Heinrich von Collin, and assembled a programme of phenomenal length. The works
played included the Fifth Symphony, the Fourth Piano Concerto, a
piano fantasia, items for soloists and chorus and, in conclusion, a Fantasia
for the Pianoforte which ends with the gradual entrance of the entire
orchestra and the introduction of the choruses as a finale, the Choral
Fantasia.
Predictably the
concert was an embarrassment to Beethoven's friends, compelled to sit for four
hours in the bitterly cold Theater-an-der-Wien. As one otherwise sympathetic
observer reported, it proved possible to have too much of a good thing, and
still more of a loud. The concert was under-rehearsed, and Beethoven had met
considerable opposition from members of the orchestra. In the Choral
Fantasia instructions about repeats had been misunderstood, so that the
work had to be started again, and Beethoven intervened with audible comments on
mistakes. Nevertheless the Sixth Symphony, which happily opened the
concert, was well enough received, in spite of its unusual length.
The advertisement for
Beethoven's December concert billed the Pastoral Symphony as A
Recollection of Country Life, to be described by the composer, in a careful
attempt to dispel any suspicion that he had written a crude imitation of
nature, as more an expression of feeling than tone-painting. In some ways the
work may be seen as a conclusion and summary of a tradition of music inspired
by the country, although the Wordsworthian suggestion of emotion recollected in
tranquillity is very much of its period.