Franz Schreker (1878-1934) Prelude to Die Gezeichneten Prelude to Das Spielwerk. Symphonic Interlude from Act 3 of Der Schatzgraber Symphonic Overture...
Franz Schreker
(1878-1934)
Prelude to Die
Gezeichneten
Prelude to Das
Spielwerk.
Symphonic Interlude
from Act 3 of Der Schatzgraber
Symphonic Overture
Ekkehard, Op. 12
Fantastic Overture
There is no doubt that
Franz Schreker has been seriously underestimated as a composer and this
posthumous neglect may be attributed in good part to the misfortunes of his
later career at a period when National Socialism was becoming increasingly
important in Germany. Schreker's career and his subsequent reputation were equally
victims of Hitler.
Son of the Court
Photographer, Schreker was born in Monaco in 1878 and travelled widely during
his childhood. In 1892 he became a student at the Conservatory in Vienna, where
he was taught composition by Robert Fuchs, and even as a student achieved some
success. His Love Song for string orchestra and harp was played in London in
1896 by the orchestra of the Budapest Opera, and there were other works in
these years, capped, in the year in which he completed his studies, 1900, by his
graduation composition, a setting of Psalm CXVI for three-part female chorus,
organ and orchestra, which was well received at its first performance in Vienna
by the Conservatory Orchestra.
A year later, in April
1920, Schreker's first opera, Die Flammen, was performed privately, with
the composer at the piano, and in the same year he completed his Symphonic
Overture, Ekkehard, Opus 12, based on Viktor von Scheffel's
remarkable evocation of life in South Germany in the tenth century, a classic
of nineteenth century German literature.
Schreker's first major
success was with Der Geburtstag der Infantin, a ballet written for Grete
Wiesenthal and based on the influential story by Oscar Wilde, The Birthday of
the Infanta, a tale that was to appeal to other composers in Vienna. This was
followed by the opera Der ferne Klang, performed in Frankfurt am Main in
1912 with sufficient success to bring the composer a position on the staff of
the Vienna Music Academy. There were to be further successes in the
opera-house, although Das Spielwerk und die Prinzessin, welcomed in Frankfurt,
provoked a scandal in Vienna at the Court Opera in 1913. Originally consisting
of a Prologue and two acts, the work was revised in 1916 as a one-act
"Mysterium", and so performed in Munich after the war.
Die Gezeichneten, Schreker's next opera, to his own text, like
its immediate predecessor, was completed in 1914 and given its first
performance at Frankfurt three years later. It was followed by the four-act
opera Der Schatzgraber, which again had its first performance in
Frankfurt under Ludwig Rottenberg.
In 1920 Schreker was
appointed director of the Berlin Musikhochschule, a position he held until
1932, when growing anti-semitic pressure led to his resignation. His forced
resignation from the Prussian Academy of Arts in 1933 brought a heart-attack
and death. The final years of what had been a career of some distinction were
marred by demonstrations against his work. His opera Christophorus was
cancelled in 1931 as a result of pressure from the National Socialists and
there were demonstrations in the following year at performances of his last
opera, Der Schmied von Gent at the German Opera in Berlin.
Of Schreker's operas Der
ferne Klang remains the best known, while the composer's own favourite was Das
Spielwerk, as the revised version of Die Prinzessin und das Spielwerk
became known. This latter, ill-received in Vienna, is set in the Middle Ages
and centres on an imagined instrument, a carillon of bells, created by the old
master-craftsman Florian. The land is ruled by a wicked princess, and Master
Florian's wife and son have fallen into her power. The sound of bells, misused
by the princess for her wild orgies, has lost its purity, but their music is
restored for the moment with the appearance of a wandering flute-player, whom
Master Florian entertains in his house. The original opera ended in tragedy
with the destruction of the bells and Master Florian's house. The revised
version, however, replaced this ending with one of greater serenity.
The first version of Die
Prinzessin und das Spielwerk opened with a prologue in which four men were
seen making a bier on which to carry a dead man, performing their task by
torch-light. The men are to re-appear later in the opera, bearing the body of Master
Florian's son. In the ghostly scene of the prologue they disappear with their
burden into the dark, while the slow Overture begins, music that leads, when
the curtain rises, to a scene that shows, in the background, the castle, with
the ancient house of Master Florian in the foreground.
Die Gezeichneten, a title that defies adequate translation
"The Marked Ones", perhaps, or "The Doomed", owes its
origin to a request by the composer Zemlinsky for a libretto dealing with the
tragedy of an ugly man. Schreker wrote the libretto, which he used himself,
contrasting his mis-shapen hero with the beauty of Renaissance Genoa. The story
concerns the rivalry of the crippled nobleman Alviano Salvago and the practised
seducer Count Andrea Vitelozzo Tamare for the love of Carlotta Nardi, the
daughter of the Podestà of Genoa, Lodovico Nardi. The conflict ends in tragedy,
enacted in an underground grotto, scene of the orgies in which the young men
and girls of Genoa indulge. The Prelude to Die Gezeichneten, which opens
calmly, makes use of thematic material representing Alviano and Carlotta and
the music associated with the dissolute Vitelozzo.
Der Schatzgraber, "The Treasure-seeker", owed much of
its success to its medieval setting and the use that Schreker made once again
of German fairy-tale symbolism, in a story that he may have come across in the
work of Heine. The opera opens with a Prologue in which the King announces the
loss of the Queen's jewels. The fool advises that the Singer should be
summoned, whose lute-playing will surely find what has been lost: for its
counsel the Fool demands the reward of a wife, the very idea of which provokes
him to a dance of joy.
The symphonic
interlude from Act III is a night scene as the moon disappears and all is
darkness. Dawn approaches and Els, the supposed daughter of the inn-keeper,
lays before the feet of the Singer, beloved Elis, the Queen's jewels that have
come into her possession, telling him to take them to the Queen. Although it
seems that all might end happily, the fourth act brings its own tragedy, with
Els accused of witchcraft and only saved from burning by the intervention of
the Fool, who claims her as his bride. Elis, now old, comes, in his wandering,
on the Fool's dwelling in the mountains and sings of Elis and Els, Prince and
Princess, and how from the storm of life the treasure of good fortune may be
saved. His song is of a land of fantasy, while the Fool is left to pronounce a
closing Amen.
Viktor von Scheffel's
novel Ekkehard, a romance of the tenth century, written in 1857, was one
of the most widely read German novels of the late nineteenth century. Scheffel,
by training a lawyer and by inclination a painter and poet, left his position
in the legal service of Baden in 1853 to devote himself to literature. The
following year he published his narrative poem Der Trompeter von Saeckingen
and three years later his historical romance Ekkehard, based on the
conflated lives of two of the monks of the monastery of St. Gall, Ekkehard I
and his nephew Ekkehard II.
Scheffel's Ekkehard,
depicted in the Klangstil of Schreker's symphonic overture, is a young monk
chosen to teach Latin to the Duchess Hadwig of Swabia. Love grows between the
two, something of which Ekkehard is unaware until he exercises his martial prowess
in battle against the Huns. He attempts to embrace the Duchess, who rejects
him, and is imprisoned, later to escape and conquer his passion in solitude as
a hermit. He subsequently returns to become Chancellor to the Emperor. The
music follows something of this progress, from the monastic medievalism of the
opening chords through battle to its serener conclusion.
Schreker's Fantastic
Overture was written in 1903. The work demonstrates again the composer's
ability in handling the orchestra in music that carries no overt extra-musical
programme in its title but seems, nevertheless, to follow a narrative course.
Edgar Seipenbusch
Edgar Seipenbusch was
born at Velbert in Germany in 1936. He started playing the violin at the age of
six and took up the piano four years later. He studied violin, piano,
composition and chamber music at the Cologne High School for Music and became
first violinist of the Cologne University String Sextet which made a number of
concert tours in Europe. He became second concert master of the Rhenish Chamber
Orchestra in 1958, and its leader two years later.
Since 1962 Seipenbusch
has worked with all the great Viennese orchestras in a wide range of
activities. He was in charge of opera and operetta at St. Polten and has made a
large number of recordings with the Vienna Chamber Orchestra. Between 1967 and
1972 he directed opera in Graz as well as guest conducting frequently in both
Kiel and Frankfurt. In 1972 he became director of the opera at Innsbruck and
has since worked on many TV productions with ORF and in Germany. He has been
guest conductor of the Vienna Chamber Orchestra on many occasions over the past
two decades.