Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936) Sinfonia Drammatica Ottorino Respighi was born in Bologna in 1879 and studied the violin and viola at the Liceo Musicale there...
Ottorino Respighi
(1879-1936)
Sinfonia Drammatica
Ottorino Respighi was
born in Bologna in 1879 and studied the violin and viola at the Liceo Musicale
there from 1891 with Federico Sarti. At the same time he took lessons in
composition, at first from the musicologist Luigi Torchi, who had returned to
Bologna from the Liceo Rossini in Pesaro in the same year, and later from the
composer Giuseppe Martucci, who was director of the Liceo until 1902. In 1899
he completed his studies and the following year went to St. Petersburg as
principal viola-player at the Imperial Opera. In Russia, where he spent the
seasons of 1901-1902 and 1902-1903, he took lessons from Rimsky-Korsakov in
composition and orchestration.
During the first
decade of the present century Respighi won a reputation as a performer, while
pursuing his growing interest in earlier music and in composition. In Berlin in
1908-1909 he attended lectures by Max Bruch, to relatively little effect. The
influence of Rimsky-Korsakov, however, was to remain with him and to guide his
bold use of orchestral colour.
These years brought a
series of compositions. In 1902 a piano concerto of his was performed in
Bologna and his Notturno of 1905 was played in New York under Rodolfo Ferrari.
The latter year saw the first production of his opera Rè Enzo in Bologna, a
work followed five years later by Semirama, these operas winning him a
reputation that led, in 1913, to his appointment as teacher of composition at
the Liceo di Santa Cecilia in Rome.
In 1919 Respighi married
a singer, Elsa Olivieri-Sangiacomo, and in 1924 became director of the Santa
Cecilia, resigning two years later to devote himself to composition, although
he continued to teach and to perform in concerts as a conductor and as an
accompanist to his wife. He died in 1936 at the house he had named after one of
his most famous works, I Pini.
Respighi's
international reputation, which still exceeds that of any other Italian
composer of his generation, depends very largely on the symphonic poems that
offer evocative and pictorial representations of Rome. Fontane di Roma, four
vivid pictures of the fountains of the city, was completed in 1916. I Pini di
Roma, an evocation of Roman scenes associated with the pines of the city,
followed in 1924, and this was to be succeeded by the Feste romane in 1929, a
work coloured by a certain contemporary political optimism.
In 1918 he provided
the Russian ballet impresario Dyagilev with a score derived from Rossini, La
boutique fantasque, a work that has continued in popular ballet repertoire
since its first performance in London in 1919. A later ballet, Belkis,
Regina di Saba, was written in 1931, and performed at La Scala, Milan, in
the following year. There were, too, other operas which have largely failed to
capture the public imagination, although offering music of considerable
interest.
Another aspect of
Respighi's work was his enthusiasm for earlier music. Gregorian chant was to
suggest a melodic source for compositions such as the Concerto Gregoriano,
for violin, and the Concerto in modo misolidio, for piano, as well as
the orchestral Vetrate di chiesa of 1927, symphonic impressions of the
windows of four churches. He arranged various sets of lute dances for
orchestra, and assembled a collection of orchestral birds for the sequence Gli
uccelli, based on bird-pieces by keyboard composers of the eighteenth
century .A more thorough example of this tendency to look to the past was seen
in his last opera, Lucrezia, performed at La Scala the year after his
death.
Respighi's Sinfonia
drammatica was completed in 1913. It is a substantial work that has been
regarded by some as a further example of Respighi's early eclecticism. The
dramatic mood is established at once as the orchestra launches into music that
may at times remind us of Mahler, particularly in elements of orchestration and
lyrical melancholy. Richard Strauss was, of course, a strong influence in this
earlier period of the composer's life, if not the most immediately apparent
here, except, perhaps, in the scale of the symphony and its occasional
extravagance of orchestral effect.
The second movement
might suggest the influence of Debussy, in mood and idiom, with an interlude of
solemn medievalism, leading to dramatic intensity, which is then replaced by a
return to the initial tranquillity, disturbed briefly once again before final
serenity is restored.
The final Allegro
impetuoso unleashes powerful force again in music that offers a bewildering
variety of mood and incident, making full use of orchestral colour in music
that does everything to justify the title of the work.
Daniel Nazareth
Daniel Nazareth was
born in Bombay and took a degree in Commerce and Economics at Bombay University
in 1968. He later studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London, where he was
awarded the Sir Adrian Boult Cup, following this with a period of study at the
Vienna Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst, from which he graduated
with distinction in 1975. He served as Conducting Assistant to the Vienna
Musikverein in the 1975-1976 season.
In 1977 Daniel
Nazareth made his debut as a conductor of opera with Mozart's Cosi fan tutte
at the Spoleto Festival, and in 1978 he conducted The Marriage of Figaro,
The Barber of Seville and La Traviata for the Canadian Opera
Company in Toronto. In March 1982 he conducted a new production of Benjamin
Britten's The Rape of Lucretia for the Arena Theatre in Verona.
In 1976 Daniel
Nazareth was awarded the Leonard Bernstein Conducting Fellowship and the
Koussevitsky Music Foundation Conductor's Award at Tanglewood, and in 1978 he
won the first International Ernest Ansermet Conducting Competition in Geneva.