The Johann Strauss Edition Johann Strauss II, the most famous and enduringly successful of 19th-century light music composers, was born in Vienna on 25...
The Johann Strauss Edition
Johann Strauss II, the most famous and enduringly successful of
19th-century light music composers, was born in Vienna on 25 October 1825.
Building upon the firm musical foundations laid by his father, Johann Strauss I
(1804-1849) and Joseph Lanner (1801-1843), the younger Johann (along with his
brothers, Joseph and Eduard) achieved so high a development of the classical
Viennese waltz that it became as much a feature of the concert hall as of the
ballroom. For more than half a century Johann II captivated not only Vienna but
also the whole of Europe and America with his abundantly tuneful waltzes,
polkas, quadrilles and marches. The thrice-married 'Waltz King' later turned
his attention to the composition of operetta, and completed 16 stage works
besides more than 500 orchestral compositions - including the most famous of
all waltzes, The Blue Danube (1867). Johann Strauss II died in Vienna on
3 June 1899.
The Marco Polo Strauss Edition is a milestone in recording history,
presenting, for the first time ever, the entire orchestral output of the 'Waltz
King'. Despite their supremely high standard of musical invention, the majority
of the compositions have never before been commercially recorded and have been
painstakingly assembled from archives around the world. All performances
featured in this series are complete and, wherever possible, the works are
played in their original instrumentation as conceived by the master
orchestrator himself, Johann Strauss II.
Hoch Österreich!
Marsch (Hail Austria! March) op. 371
Johann Strauss's
operetta Cagliostro in Wien [Première: Theater an der Wien, Vienna. 27
February 1875] was the result of Strauss's first association with the
librettist team of F. Zell (the pseudonym of Camillo Walzel) and Richard Genee,
and was also the first original work by the two writers who previously had only
collaborated on German language versions of operettas by Émile Jonas and
Jacques Offenbach. It was Genee who also provided the title and text for the
choral march Hoch Österreich! - one of six individual pieces which
Strauss had arranged from melodies in Cagliostro - when it was first
performed in an arrangement for male voice choir and orchestra at the première
of the operetta in the Theater an der Wien. The first verse of Genee's text
reads. "Recht in Freud und Lust/Aus der vollen Brust/Klingt der Ruf: 'Hoch
Österreich!'/Wo er schallet/Wider hallet/Weckt er Echo donnergleich" (Full
of joy and merriment, from the depths of the heart sounds the cry: 'Hail
Austria!' Where it rings and resounds it wakens the echoes like thunder). The
thematic content of the march derives from the first two numbers of Act 1,
although the second theme of the Trio section is not traceable in the published
piano score of the operetta and may perhaps have been discarded from the final
version of the stage work.
In its purely
orchestral version, as performed on this recording, Johann's march Hoch
Österreich! was given its first performance by the Strauss Orchestra under
Eduard Strauss's direction on 25 June 1875 in the Vienna Volksgarten.
Dorfgeschichten,
Walzer im Landlerstyle (Village Tales, Waltz in Landler-style) op. 47
Between 1843 and
1854 the German novelist Berthold Auerbach (1812-82) published a four-volume
work entitled Schwarzwalder Dorfgeschichten, a collection of stories of
peasant life in the Black Forest which made Auerbach's name and established a
successful literary genre. These tales found a wide public, and almost
certainly suggested to Johann Strauss an evocative title for one of his waltzes
composed in rustic Landler style. Quite possibly, too, Auerbach is one of two
figures portrayed on the illustrated cover of the first piano edition of
Strauss's Dorfgeschichten, Walzer im Landlerstyle.
The waltz was one
of a clutch of new works presented by Johann in the weeks immediately preceding
his arduous six-month concert tour through the lands of the Habsburg Empire to
the Balkans, which he undertook with his 13-man orchestra in the late autumn
and winter of 1847. The lilting Dorfgeschichten itself was played for
the first time on 18 September that year at the concert on the broad open
expanse of the Vienna Wasserglacis with which the young 'Musikdirektor' bade
temporary farewell to his native Vienna. Also featured on the programme of this
concert was Strauss's unpublished Standchen (Serenade), which he had
earlier played in June 1847 at his musical serenades before the palace of the
exiled Serbian Prince Milos Obrevoic I and at the home of one of the professors
in the medical faculty of Vienna University.
Electro-Magnetische
Polka (Electro-Magnetic Polka) op. 110
In 1820 the Danish
physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) discovered the connection between
electricity and magnetism when he observed the directive action of an electric
current on a magnetic needle. That same year two other scientists working
independently, the French physicist Dominique François Jean Arago (1786-1853)
and the English chemist, Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829), announced that a copper
wire carrying an electric current could magnetise steel needles placed across
it, and could attract iron filings. It was these preliminary discoveries which
in 1825 led another Englishman, William Sturgeon (1783-1850), to construct the
first true electromagnet: by connecting a wet battery to a soft iron horseshoe
loosely wound with 18 turns of wire, the electromagnet was able to lift 20
times its own weight. Sturgeon's experiments attracted widespread attention,
and the mid-nineteenth century especially saw feverish activity among
scientists in Europe and America who busied themselves with the practical
applications of this discovery - for example Joseph Henry in the United States
who, in 1831, established an electromagnetic telegraph.
Johann Strauss the
Eider and his three sons were not only consummate musical craftsmen; they were
also astute businessmen who knew instinctively how best to appeal to the sheet
music-buying public. For that reason, they spurned the practice of merely
assigning keys and opus numbers to differentiate their compositions, choosing
instead to christen their dance works with more easily recalled titles which
read like a cultural, historical and scientific guide book of the age. Thus,
when Johann Strauss the Younger was seeking a name for the new polka he had
written for the ballot the technical students of Vienna University, held in the
Sofienbad-Saal on 11 February 1852, he simply plucked a term from the
contemporary scientific vocabulary Electro-magnetische.
Novellen, Walzer
(Legal Amendments, Waltz) op. 146
If Johann Strauss
had felt the need to reassert his position as 'Vorgeiger aller Wiener'
(Principal Violinist/Conductor of all the Viennes), following his enforced
absence through illness during the summer of 1853, he could not have chosen a
more conspicuous way of commencing the New Year. For during the course of an
'Extraordinary Concert Soiree' held in the Sofienbad-Saal on the evening of 2
January 1854, the 28-year-old 'Musikdirektor' conducted his orchestra -
augmented to 54 players - in the first performance in Vienna of the overture to
Richard Wagner's opera Tannhauser und der Sangerkrieg auf Wartburg
(1845). Despite the supposedly conservative nature of the Viennese public, part
of the work had to be repeated and Strauss also featured this overture in his
concerts at the 'Sperl' and at Schwender's.
With the
commencement of the 1854 Vienna Carnival Strauss once again devoted his
attention to his activities as a dance music composer and conductor. Yet the
waltz dedications he wrote for the various festivities differed markedly in
their conception: while Ballg'schichten op. 150 (Volume 7) followed the
genial style of the old Viennese waltz, Schallwellen op. 148 (Volume 8)
and Novellen op 146 - the latter dedicated to the law students at Vienna
University on the occasion of their ball held on 31 January in the
Sofienbad-Saal - reflect Strauss's fascination for the 'revolutionary'
orchestrations of Wagner and Meyerbeer. It was a musical flirtation which did
not pass unchallenged, however, for in an article in the Wiener Zeitung (6
November 1854) Vienna's 'Music Pope', Dr. Eduard Hanslick, grumbled: "Even
themes like the first ones of 'Wellen und Wogen', 'Schneeglockchen',
'Novellen', with their lengthy eight-bar motifs, their groaning diminished
seventh and ninth chords, [and] the thundering noise of their trombones and
timpani are no longer appropriate for dancing. For that reason, not everything
which is played in three-quarter-time is a waltz.
Seladon-Quadrille
(Languishing Admirers, Quadrille) op. 48
Dommayer's Casino,
in the Viennese suburb of Hietzing, enjoyed a special place in the heart of the
younger Johann Strauss, for it was in this popular establishment that the
18-year-old. Musikdirektor' made his triumphant public debut as conductor and
composer on 15 October 1844. From 1868 to 1878 he even made his home in
Hietzing, just around the corner from Dommayer's, and it was in his villa there
that much of his finest music, including Die Fledermaus (1874), was
created.
In 1787 a certain
Herr Dick, a waiter, built a coffee-house in gardens opposite the Kaiserstockl,
the small lodge at the west entrance of Schonbrunn Park. The coffee house
enjoyed great popularity with the Viennese as a meeting place, and in 1817 it
was bought by a Hietzing innkeeper, Herr Reiter, who enlarged and extended the
property into a tavern. In 1823 Reiter entrusted the business to his
son-in-law, a 23-year-old comb-maker called Ferdinand Dommayer (1799-1858),
under whose ownership the venue opened on 4 June that year as 'Dommayer's
Coffee- and Restaurant-Keeper's House'. In 1832 the surrounding small buildings
were acquired and demolished to enable the Lichtenstein building director,
Josef Leistler, to construct the splendid building know as 'Dommayer's Casino'.
On 24 June 1833 the comfortably appointed establishment was opened, and
respectable Viennese society soon flocked there to enjoy its intimate Viennese
festivals, balls and numerous reunions. When Ferdinand Dommayer died, the
business was continued for many years by his son, Franz (1822-1900), but after
a farewell celebration on 3 February 1907, the building and garden were
demolished to make way for the 'Parkhotel Schonbrunn' (since 1934, 'Hübner's
Parkhotel Schonbrunn'). In 1921 a new Dommayer's ('Cafe Dommayerhof') was
opened at the junction of Dommayergasse and Aufhofstrasse.
Dommayer's Casino
provided a regular venue for the younger Strauss and his orchestra during their
early years, and it was at his benefit concert there on 15 February 1847 that
Johann conducted his Lions-Quadrille for the first time. The title was well
chosen, for amongst the clientèle which frequented Dommayer's at the time was
the "jeunesse doree" (literally, "gilded youth") -
educated, but spoiled young people from Vienna's best families, who sought to
entertain themselves in the most outrageous and extraordinary manner. The young
ladies, especially, were prone to flaunt themselves in the latest follies of
fashion, and Dommayer's became the preferred arena for the prowling 'Salon-Lowen'
(literally 'Salon Lions') or 'ladies' men' - whose proud strutting is so
amusingly portrayed in the opening section of Johann's Lions-Quadrille.
The work was later published under the title Seladon-Quadrille.
Studentenlust,
Walzer (Students' Joy, Waltz) op. 285
A brief musical
statement from Ludwig Fischer's popular student song, "Im kühlen Keller
sitz' ich hier", quoted in the Introduction and Coda of the waltz Studentenlust,
frames one of the Waltz King's most delightful creations of 1864. Equally delightful
is the humorous title page illustration adorning the first piano edition of the
waltz, depicting a student being transported through the air upon a wine cask
steered by a vine-bedecked bacchanal, a flustered professor hanging on for dear
life behind. Around the student are the objects of his joy - his pipe, stein,
fencing foil and, seated next to him, his beloved playing a guitar, while a
couple dance gaily in the background. His textbooks serve as a useful
foot-stool!
The 1864 Vienna
Carnival proved hectic for the Strauss brothers, who were called upon to
provide no less than 16 new works for the various festivities. In January,
following disagreements with Carl Haslinger, Johann and Josef (and soon
afterwards Eduard) entrusted all their dance music to the publishing house of
C.A. Spina. The first Strauss work to appear with this imprint was Johann's
waltz Morgenblatter (Morning Papers), one of the 2 waltzes and 4 polkas
he wrote for that year's carnival. The other waltz, Studentenlust, was composed
for the Students' Ball held in the Redoutensaal of the Imperial Hofburg Palace
on 31 January. Strauss respectfully dedicated his waltz to "the most
serene and high-born ladies in their capacity as patronesses of the Students'
Ball". Rather surprisingly, Studentenlust was programmed only five times
during Johann's 1864 summer concert series in Pavlovsk - indeed, its first
appearance was not until late in the season at his benefit concert on 20
September (= 8 September, Russian calendar) - whereas, by comparison, Morgenblatter
was played on 33 occasions and the Persischer Marsch (op. 289) enjoyed a
remarkable 65 performances during the composer's five month Russian engagement.
Episode, Polka française (Episode, French polka) op. 296
In autumn 1864
Johann Strauss returned in a poor state of health from his ninth summer concert
season in Pavlovsk. On 26 January 1865 his wife, Jetty, described his situation
to a friend: "Jean came back very unwell, and has only recently felt a
little better; however, according to w hat the greatest medical experts say, he
must not even think of any strenuous activity. At least two years' rest, baths
and more rest. Carlsbad and then Gastein will restore the poor lad. Here, he
plays from time to time in the Volksgarten, for total withdrawal would also be
dangerous for him, but any strain must be carefully avoided".
Thus, to relieve
their older brother, Josef and Eduard Strauss bore the brunt of the 1865
Carnival 'campaign'. But the family's plans for Johann were thwarted when Josef
suddenly collapsed at his writing-desk and was unable to continue discharging
his duties as conductor/composer. Johann was left no alternative but to appear
again at the head of the orchestra, and in addition to contribute more musical
novelties than he had planned to write. The only one to which he had really
committed himself was the waltz Feuilleton (Volume 10) for the
'Concordia' ball, but for the dance festivities of the lawyers, engineers and
students he now composed for each a new polka. That for the Students' Ball bore
the name Tanz-Episode (Dance Episode), and Johann conducted the Strauss
Orchestra in its first performance at the ball in the Redoutensaal of the
Imperial Hofburg Palace on 20 February. Bearing a dedication to "the
Gentlemen Committee Members of the Students' Ball", the piano edition of
the polka française appeared the following month with its title shortened to
Episode.
The work may
strike a familiar note with some listeners through Antal Dorati's arrangement
of it as the dance for 'The Prima Donna' in his pastiche ballet Graduation Ball
(1940).
Rosen aus dem
Süden, Walzer (Roses from the South, Waltz) op. 388
"It was an
eventful evening; the house was filled to the gables in order to hear a new
work by our Strauss, for Strauss enjoys the increasingly rare title 'our' which
is the ultimate superlative for an artist:
Positive = Herr
Strauss
Comparative =
Strauss
Superlative = Our
Strauss!"
So wrote the
Fremdenblatt
newspaper (3 October) in its review of the highly successful première of Johann
Strauss's operetta
Das Spitzentuch der Konigin ('The Queen's Lace
Handkerchief'), which opened at Vienna's Theater an der Wien on 1 October 1880.
The composer himself, though delighted by the reception accorded his latest
stage work, was unconvinced that it would enjoy a lasting success. But he had
no such doubts about the magnificent orchestral waltz,
Rosen aus dem Süden,
which he had hurriedly assembled from themes in his operetta, and whose piano
edition his publisher, Cranz, was able to advertise in the press (together with
the first Spitzentuch potpourri) just four days after the theatrical première!
The honour of conducting the first performance of Rosen aus dem Süden fell to
Johann's brother, Eduard, who was still on a concert tour of Germany when
Spitzentuch received its première.
Not until 7
November, therefore, at Eduard's Sunday afternoon concert in the Musikverein,
did the waltz begin its triumphant conquest of the world, comprising, as it
did, many of the musical highlights from the operetta. Two numbers which had
drawn especial praise from the Spitzentuch first-night reviewers were the
King's Act 1 Trüffel-Couplet ("Stets kommt mir wieder in den Sinn" -
the refrain of which Strauss claimed he had rewritten twelve times!) and Cervantes's
Act 2 Romance, "Wo die wilde Rose erblüht", and these both appear in Rosen
aus dem Süden, as Waltz 1 and Waltz 2A respectively.
Of interest is the
publication by Cranz, in October 1880, of two separate piano editions of Rosen
aus dem Süden. The first issue bears no dedication and has a title page
illustration showing roses and palm branches interwoven in a lace handkerchief.
The second, which introduces slight modifications to the musical score and
features on its cover a rose-entwined veranda and a volcano - presumably
Vesuvius - is dedicated by the composer "in deepest respect to his Majesty
Humbert I, King of Italy".
Burschenwanderung,
Polka française (Student Travels, French polka) op. 389
Despite the enthusiastic reception
accorded to Johann Strauss's seventh operetta, Das Spitzentuch der Konigin ('The
Queen's Lace Handkerchief'), at its première on 1 October 1880 in the Theater
an der Wien, public interest in the new work slackened off more quickly than
had been anticipated. But this in no way diminished the bargaining power of the
theatrical agent Gustav Lewy, who swiftly succeeded in placing the stage work
with the Friedrich-Wilhelmstadtisches Theater in Berlin, as well as with
theatres in Graz, Hamburg, Hanover, Lemberg, Budapest, Prague, Munich and
Trieste. In Vienna, Strauss conducted his first benefit performance of
Spitzentuch on 20 October, and left four weeks later with his wife Lili for
premières of the operetta in Berlin and Hamburg.
Before departing
for Germany, however, he still had one obligation to discharge. Rudolf
Weinwurm, chorus-master of the Wiener Mannergesang-Verein (Vienna Men's Choral
Association), who had led the first performances of Johann's choral waltzes An
der schonen blauen Donau (1867) and Wein, Weib und Gesang! (1869),
had recently left to take up the post of chorus-master with the Akademischer
Gesangverein in Wien (Academic Choral Society in Vienna). It was in his new
capacity that he requested Strauss to contribute a new choral composition for
his first 'Liedertafel' (Song Programme) with the Akademischer Gesangverein,
due to be given in the Sofienbad-Saal on 7 December 1880. Johann willingly
complied and, to a poem by August Seuffert, wrote his Burschenwanderung, Polka
française which he dedicated to the Society. Seuffert's text sings of the joys
of student drinking festivals and celebrates the memory of the legendary Herr
von Rodenstein, who was in reality reported to have been a devout nobleman from
Odenwald who died as a pilgrim in Rome in 1500. As Dr. John Whitten points out,
however, the poet Viktor von Scheffel presented Rodenstein as an
"heroicdrunkard" who, in order to pay his bills, was forced to pawn
his villages. His last he bequeathed to the students of Heidelberg - who
likewise promptly drank away their inheritance!
Burschenwanderung
is recorded here in its version for orchestra alone, in which form it was first
played by the Strauss Orchestra under Eduard Strauss at a 'Carnival Revue' in
the Grosser Musikverein-Saal (Great Hall of the Musikverein) on 6 March 1881.
Le premier jour de
bonheur. Opera de D.F.E. Auber. Quadrille
(The First Day of
Happiness. Opera by D.F.E.Auber. Quadrille) op. 327
From the Strauss
Orchestra's earliest days, the music of the French composer Daniel François
Esprit Auber (1782-1871) found a ready place in its repertoire. Johann Strauss
Father's European concert tour programmes were seldom without one of Auber's
operatic overtures - La Muette de Portici (1828) and Le Serment, ou
Les Faux-monnayeurs (1832) were to prove particular favourites - while the
former was also to feature in the younger Johann's historic debut concert at
Dommayer's Casino in October 1844. Moreover, given the generally tuneful nature
of Auber's stage works, it is hardly surprising that the musicians of the
Strauss family were to include melodies from no less than seven of them in
their dance compositions.
Auber's opera, Le
premier jour de bonheur, was given its première at the Opera Comique in
Paris on 15 February 1868, while performances were staged in Prague and Munich
during September of that year. Auber's stage works had long been popular in
Vienna, but not until 7 November 1874, in the recently-opened Komische Oper
building (later re-named the Ringtheater) on the Schottenring, was a production
of Auber's opera mounted there, where it was seen as Der erste Glückstag. By
contrast, the Strauss Orchestra once again demonstrated its importance in the
cultural life of Austria by introducing selections of the music from Le premier
jour de bonheur, arranged as a quadrille, more than six years before the opera
was staged in Vienna. Johann Strauss unveiled his new dance piece on themes
from Auber's work on 3 September 1868, when he conducted it at a concert in the
capacious Blumen-Sale der Gartenbaugesellschaft (Floral Halls of the Vienna
Horticultural Society) as one of the many entertainments held during a large
scale 'German Artists' Congress' in the Austrian capital.
Seid Umschlungen,
Millionen. Walzer (Be embraced, ye millions. Waltz) op. 443
"Brahms must
be honoured with a dedication, by a waltz of my composition. In due course I
want to present him with this waltz, popular, yet spicy and peppered, without
sacrificing the purpose of a waltz... He must, however, be told nothing about
it!" Thus wrote Johann Strauss on 25 November 1891, in a letter to the
Berlin-based Fritz Simrock, publisher of his forthcoming full-scale opera, Ritter
Pasman [Première: Hofoperntheater, Vienna 1 January 1892].
It had been
Johannes Brahms (1833-97) who had prompted the contract between Strauss and
Simrock, his own publisher, when he challenged the latter in April 1889
"to arrange a tie-up with him". Simrock had accepted, and for the
next three years acted as Johann's sole publisher (opp. 437-445). In the event,
Ritter Pasman proved an unequivocal failure Strauss was deeply upset,
the more so since Brahms, who earlier had shown such an interest in the
undertaking, had found serious fault with the compositional form of the opera.
Through the dedication of a master waltz to Brahms, however, Johann felt that
he could somewhat redress the balance with his friend. Long before the waltz
was composed, Strauss had settled upon its title - Seid umschlungen,
Millionen - and had even asked Simrock to ensure "a very attractive
title page" bearing the words: "Dedicated in friendship to Herr Dr
Brahms". The title of the waltz was borrowed from Friedrich Schiller's
"Ode an die Freude" (Ode to Joy) - and had been suggested to
Johann by his friend Julius Stettenheim, who had requested a waltz of that
title for a journalists' ball to be held in Berlin in early 1892. Instead,
Strauss chose to use the title for a waltz he had promised Princess Pauline
Metternich-Sandor for her grand 'International Exhibition of Music and
Theatre', scheduled to open on the Vienna Prater on 7 May 1892. However, when
Johann learned that the new waltz would be performed by the Exhibition
Orchestra, rather than under his own direction, he preferred to incur the
Princess's wrath by conducting the première of Seid umschlungen, Millionen
himself at the Strauss Orchestra's final concert that season, held in the
magnificent surroundings of the Great Hall of the Musikverein on 27 March 1892
- a full six weeks before the official opening of the Exhibition. Brahms, by
this time aware he was dedicatee of the new work, was present at this first
performance and the previous day showed his appreciation by addressing his
visiting card to the Strauss home, with the message: "Tomorrow, your most
happy and proud listener!" The waltz occasioned rapturous applause and
Brahms notified Simrock: "The third time the whole audience was playing
along". Underlining his high regard for Brahms, Strauss took the unusual
step of personally arranging the piano edition of Seid umschlungen,
Millionen - a task normally undertaken by employees of the music publisher
- and as such Simrock was able to put the waltz (inscribed merely:
"Dedicated to Johannes Brahms") on sale in April 1892. Surprisingly,
in Vienna the composition was slow to attract the public's favour. Johann wrote
to his brother Eduard: "The Millionenwalzer does not bring the business
which Simrock anticipated. Fourteen days ago he told me that he had sold only
6,000 copies. Certainly a very modest result. Of course, the waltz appeared
only two and a half months ago". For his part, Eduard took the new work
with him on his summer concert tour of Germany, and at the end of May could
advise Johann: "Your Millionenwalzer is causing a sensation everywhere; I
am playing it in every concert". In the event, the 'Millionenwalzer' even
found a place at the International Exhibition when Eduard and the Strauss
Orchestra performed it there on 13 September 1892.
Programme notes ©
1991 Peter Kemp. The Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain.
The author is
indebted to Professor Franz Mailer for his assistance in the preparation of
these notes.
Czecho-Slovak State Philharmonic Orchestra (Kosice)
The East Slovakian town of Kosice boasts a long and distinguished
musical tradition, as part of a province that once provided Vienna with
musicians. The State Philharmonic Orchestra is of relatively recent origin and
was established in 1968 under the conductor Bystrik Rezucha. Subsequent
principal conductors have included Stanislav Macura and Ladislav Slovak, the
latter succeeded in 1985 by his pupil Richard Zimmer. The orchestra has toured
widely in Eastern and Western Europe and plays an important part in the Kosice
Musical Spring and the Kosice International Organ Festival.
For Marco Polo the orchestra has made the first compact disc recordings
of rare works by Granville Bantock and Joachim Raff. Writing on the last of
these, one critic praised the orchestra for its competence comparable to that
of the major orchestras of Vienna and Prague. The orchestra has contributed several
successful volumes to the complete compact disc Johann Strauss II and for Naxos
has recorded a varied repertoire.
Alfred Walter
Alfred Waller was born in Southern Bohemia in 1929 of Austrian parents.
He studied at the University of Graz and in 1948 was appointed assistant
conductor to the Opera of Ravensburg. At the age of 22 he became conductor of
the Graz Opera, where he continued until 1965, while serving at Bayreuth as
assistant to Hans Knappertsbusch and Karl Bohm. From 1966 until 1969 he was Principal
Conductor of the Durban Symphony Orchestra in South Africa, followed by a
period of 15 years as General Director of Music in Münster. In Vienna he has
worked as guest conductor at the State Opera and in 1986 was given the title of
Professor by the Austrian Government. In 1980 he was awarded the Golden Medal
of the International Gustav Mahler Society.