Engelbert
Humperdinck (1854-1921)
Sleeping
Beauty (Tone Pictures) (Tonbilder aus Dornröschen)
The
Merchant of Venice (Der Kaufmann von Venedig)
Moorish
Rhapsody (Maurische Rhapsodie)
The
Camp-Follower (Die Marketenderin)
The
present reputation of the German composer Engelbert Humperdinck rests largely
on his fairy-tale opera Hänsel und Gretel, based on a well known story retold
by the Brothers Grimm and first staged in Weimar in 1893. This, whatever its
faults, remains in popular operatic repertoire, with the rather less frequently
heard melodrama of 1897, Königskinder, revised as a fairy-tale opera for
performance in New York in 1910.
Humperdinck
was born in Siegburg into an old Westphalian family. His early education was at
the school of which his father was head, followed by a period in Paderborn,
where he was a cathedral chorister. He made his first attempts at composition
with two music plays, Perla and Claudine von Villa Bella, which he wrote at the
age of thirteen. At his father's insistence he went on at first to study
architecture, but soon diverted his full attention to music, studying at the
Cologne Conservatory of Music, directed then by Ferdinand Hiller, one of his
composition teachers. His experience of music here led him to the compositions
of Richard Wagner, whose music was to exert a strong influence over him. The
award of the Frankfurt Mozart Prize in 1876 enabled him to enrol as a student
at the Royal Music School in Munich, where his teachers included the
contrapuntist and organist Rheinberger and Schubert's friend and contemporary
Franz Lachner. At this period he joined a group of Wagnerian enthusiasts
founded by a fellow-student, the Order of the Grail (Orden vom Gral). The
Mendelssohn Foundation Prize enabled him to travel to Italy and there in 1880
he visited Wagner, then staying at the Villa Angri, at Posilippe, near Naples.
Returning there after travelling further south, Humperdinck was engaged as an
assistant to Wagner in the production of Parsifal, spending eighteen months at
Bayreuth, where he also made the acquaintance of Wagner's father-in-law, Franz
Liszt. A further success, this time with the Meyerbeer Prize in Berlin, made
possible a subsequent visit to Paris, bringing contact with the
Saint-Simonians, with Chabrier and with Vincent d'Indy. Wagner then asked him
to direct a performance of his early Symphony in Venice, where he was offered
employment at the Liceo Marcello, but this plan came to nothing. Further travel
to France, Spain and North Africa, was followed by brief and disappointing
employment as a Kapellmeister at the Cologne City Theatre. In 1885 Humperdinck
entered the service of the industrialist Alfred Krupp, a man who, he claimed,
understood little or nothing of music, and a month later moved to Barcelona to teach
"German music" at the Liceo Isabella II. Illness and dissatisfaction
with the standards and diligence of his pupils persuaded him to return after
less than a year. There followed a short period of teaching at the Cologne
Conservatory and as music critic for the Bonner Zeitung. The next year, 1888,
he moved to Mainz as a reader for the publisher Schott. Some months as music
tutor to Wagner's son Siegfried in Frankfurt were succeeded by a teaching
appointment at the Frankfurt Hoch Conservatory .In 1897 he moved to Boppard am
Rhein to devote himself more fully to composition and in 1900 took over the
composition master-classes at the Berlin Musikhochschule. There were further
journeys to Southern Spain, Morocco and Italy and in Berlin collaboration with
the theatre director Max Reinhardt. He died in 1921.
Humperdinck's
opera Hänsel und Gretel, had started as a series of settings of songs by his
sister, growing into a Singspiel and then into a fairy-tale opera, to be staged
in Weimar finally in the spring ot 1893, directed by Richard Strauss. The
immediate success of the work was followed by a second Märchenspiel and work on
Königskinder. Humperdinck wrote ten stage-works, as well as incidental music
for plays staged principally in Berlin. The Märchenoper Dornröschen (Sleeping
Beauty), based on the story by Perrault, was staged first at the City Theatre
in Frankfurt on 12th November, 1902. The Tonbilder derived from it start with
an evocative Prelude. The Ballade, opened by flutes and clarinets, leads to the
third of the pictures, Wandering, as the handsome Prince seeks his way through
the forest to the Castle, entangled in thorn-bushes that have grown over a
hundred years to cover it. Festive Music brings a happy ending, as the Prince
breaks the spell that has held the Princess, her parents and the court for so
long.
Incidental
music for a staging of Schlegel's translation of Shakespeare's The Merchant of
Venice was written in 1905 for the Berlin Deutsches Theater, with which Max
Reinhardt was newly associated. On such a night (In solcher Nacht) accompanies
the scene between Lorenzo and his beloved Jessica, daughter of Shylock, who
have eloped to Belmont, and there look down on the idyllic scene before them.
They are joined by Portia herself and her maid Nerissa, and the extract closes
with Portia's words "The moon sleeps with Endymion and will not be
waked" (Still! Luna schläft jetzt beim Endymion und will nicht aufgewecket
sein.)
Humperdinck
wrote his Moorish Rhapsody in 1898 and it was first performed at the Leeds
Festival in that year. The Elegy at Sunset (Elegie bei Sonnenuntergang), set at
Tarifa, is gently evocative, something of a Moorish atmosphere created by the
use of the cor anglais. More overt melodic reference is made to North Africa in
Tangiers, where the scene is a cheerful Moorish coffee-house, musically not
entirely remote from Germany, the jollity brought to a close by the bassoon.
The Rhapsody ends with a ride in the desert, at Tetuan, the world of
Sheherazade now more overtly suggested by the turns of melody.
Die
Marketenderin is a Spieloper, first staged at the City Theatre in Cologne in
1914. The Prelude starts with the ominous sounds of drums, softly accompanying
double basses, followed by cellos, in a theme of tragic implication, in music
that soon moves to a more cheerful mood, ending with military optimism.
Czecho-Slovak
Radio Symphony Orchestra (Bratislava)
The
Czecho-Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra (Bratislava), the oldest symphonic
ensemble in Slovakia, was founded in 1929. The orchestra's first conductor was
František Dyk and over the past sixty years it has worked under the direction
of several prominent Czech and Slovak conductors. The orchestra has made many
recordings for the Naxos label ranging from the ballet music of Tchaikovsky to
more modern works by composers such as Copland, Britten and Prokofiev. For
Marco Polo the orchestra has recorded works by Glazunov, Glière, Miaskovsky and
other late romantic composers and film music of Honegger, Bliss, Ibert and
Khachaturian.
Martin
Fischer-Dieskau
The
distinguished name of Fischer-Dieskau has long been known internationally, at
first to classical scholars, familiar with the work of Martin Fischer-Dieskau's
distinguished grandfather, and then to concert audiences throughout the world
through the reputation of his father, the great German baritone Dietrich
Fischer-Dieskau. Martin Fischer-Dieskau owes his success as a conductor to his
own ability and since 1983 has appeared with a number of major orchestras in
Europe, the United States of America and Japan. His early studies in violin,
piano and conducting were at the Berlin Musikhochschule, continued at Siena
under Franco Ferrara and in Tanglewood with Seiji Ozawa. He spent the 1978/79
season as Assistant Conductor of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, followed by a
period as Kapellmeister in Augsburg and in Aachen. He was appointed General
Music Director of Hagen in 1982 and has recently taken up a similiar
appointment in Lübeck.