Ottorino
Respighi (1879 - 1936)
La bella
dormente nel bosco (Sleeping Beauty)
Musical
fairy-tale in three acts (1921 - 1933)
The 1689
fairy-tale of Charles Perrault, La belle au bois dormant (Sleeping
Beauty), inspired Tchaikovsky to his famous ballet exactly two hundred years
later and in 1901 provided the subject of an opera for Engelbert Humperdinck.
Both these works were conceived for adult performers. Respighi's opera on the
same subject calls for an ensemble of puppets and is addressed to young audiences.
It became so successful in his own lifetime that, with his ballet La
boutique fantasque, it heads the group of his most frequently performed
stage works.
In the 1920s
Vittorio Podrecca's puppet company I Piccoli was very famous, and not
only in Italy. After attending a performance in London
an enthusiastic George Bernard Shaw seemed to prefer Podrecca's wooden actors
to real ones and Respighi too expressed the opinion that it was a joy to work
with actors one could pack away into a box after rehearsal, so that they could
not bother one with complaints and gossip, as their flesh and blood colleagues
do.
On 13th April, 1922, La bella addormentata nel bosco was given its
first performance at the Teatro Odescalchi in Rome.
The conductor was Respighi's pupil Renzo Massarani and the production, which
held the stage in Podrecca's company for over twenty years, toured to Turkey,
Greece, Egypt, Bulgaria, Russia, Canada, Australia and Japan. For London performances the soprano Cissie Vaughan, a pupil of
Adelina Patti and Ruggero Leoncavallo, was engaged. She presumably sang the
parts of the Nightingale / Blue Fairy, the actual principal role of the opera,
rather than that of the Princess.
In November 1933
Respighi completed a new version of his children's opera, now called La
bella dormente nel bosco, at the request of the Teatro di Torino, and
conducted the first performance on 9th April, 1934. This was acted in mime by
some hundred children, while singing and speaking parts were heard from the
orchestra pit, as they had been in the earlier performances in Rome. Since the manuscript of the first version has been
lost, there is no chance of comparing it with its revision, but it is known
that for the original orchestration Respighi had commissioned his pupil Vincenzo
di Donato. The 1933 manuscript score used for this recording can, therefore, be
considered the composer's authentic version, as revised and orchestrated by
himself for a larger symphonic ensemble rather than for the reduced forces of
Podrecca's theatre.
Respighi conducted
his fairy-tale opera in an RAI Torino broadcast of 13th April, 1934. Further
productions followed from the same station in 1937, under the direction of
Armando La Rosa Parodi, and in 1939, under Alfredo Simonetto. Again for RAI Torino,
Elsa Respighi prepared aversion of La be/1a dormente nel bosco for a
concert broadcast of 13th June, 1967, under the direction of Arturo Basile.
This version contained a number of unpardonable cuts and a newly composed and
rather questionable rock'n roll finale by Gian Luca Tocchi. This performance
has been preserved on a pirate LP by Anna Records. In other words, La bella
dormente nel bosco has never been seen on the operatic stage, although such
a staging would be valuable, with music and singing parts that are of
considerable interest. There may be reservations about the libretto of Gian
Bistolfi, but appropriate staging can easi1y overcome any such difficulties. In
today's repertoire there are many operas, serious and comic, that have libretti
far worse than Bistolfi's.
The music of La
bella dormente nel bosco, which Respighi described as an innocent mockery
of contemporary melodrama, is quite a revelation, containing a synthesis of the
composer's stylistic versatility while revealing his musical sense of humour,
which ranges from the most forthright to the most refined parody. The composer
clearly had it in mind to pay homage to musicians then in fashion, to Wagner,
Massenet and Debussy (not only with Mr Dollar's Cakewalk), Puccini and
Stravinsky. It is obvious that such subtleties cannot reach every audience,
especially the younger, but unprepared listeners may find pleasure,
nevertheless, in the opera's appealing and generally romantic fairy-tale score.
Contemporary critics discovered, welcomed and even overrated the composer's few
marks of homage to Wagner in the Prince's journey to the castle (Siegfried's Rhejnfahrt),
in the Green Fairy's melodrama (Freia's motif rather than Erda's) and in
the waking scene of the Princess (Brünnhilde's), not to mention the suggestion
of Die Meistersinger in the Doctor's scene. In addition to other marks
of homage, particularly those to Puccini (as clearly in the final love-duet),
since Respighi never talked in detail about his work, we can presume that there
may also be quotations and references, the result rather of intuition than
intention from an eclectic mind. What is important in this apparently
lightweight piece is that its goal has been fully reached in a score that
displays incredible spontaneity, sensibility, melody and thoroughly virtuosic
instrumentation.
To write La
bella dormente nel bosco Respighi had interrupted his work on his comic
opera Belfagor. It is suggested that the perceptive listener might well
discover in this less pretentious work some premonitions of Belfagor and
others, like the Frog's scene at the beginning, that already take us to the
forest of La campana sommersa.
La bella
dormente nel bosco can be
heard in the present recording in its complete form, except in the case of the
finale, from which a minuet of 37 bars has been omitted. The present writer
found it appropriate to take seriously the courtiers' chorus invitation to
celebrate spring-time as in nouveau style by moving forward directly to
the concluding Fox-trot, thus finally ignoring the seventeenth century music. A
short-score fragment of a Tango, preceding the Fox-trot, has been found and the
present writer would have been delighted to orchestrate it, had it been
complete. As far as the inclusion of occasional chorus applause and cheering,
cats' miaowing, gong-striking and a few changes in some of the spoken dialogue
is concerned, the present recording called for even more of such extra
theatrical effects.
The opera requires
a modest orchestra of seven wind instruments, strings and percussion, with
additional piano, celesta and spinet (or harpsichord). Like Richard Strauss in Ariadne
auf Naxos, where four wind instruments are doubled, Respighi achieves
incredible things with a small ensemble. The fifteen singing and two speaking
parts were originally taken by no more than ten performers, as on this
recording. This does not mean that the casting of the Blue Fairy / Nightingale
should be underestimated: the role is a challenging one, for a coloratura
soprano. The two lyric parts of the Princess and the Prince also make their
demands, particularly in the final duet.
Synopsis
Act l
[1] - [4] Scene
1
The scene is set
in the countryside, with flowers blooming, by the side of a small lake. It is a
starlit night. The year is 1620. The song of the Nightingale competes with that
of the Cuckoo, finally to be disturbed by a group of dancing Frogs. The Royal
Ambassador and a Herald arrive to announce the birth of the Princess and to
invite all Fairies to the imminent christening. The Blue Fairy and her
companions appear, tel1ing the astounded Ambassador that they wil1 agree to be
the godmothers of the Princess. Singing in chorus, the Fairies fly away and
only the two lonely birds are heard again.
[5] - [8] Scene
2
The scene is now
the Great Hall of the castle. The Court Jester improvises a comic lullaby by
the golden cradle of the baby Princess. The King and Queen appear, accompanied
by the Fairies and the royal guests. The Blue Fairy pays homage to the Princess
and is echoed by her companions. A group of Rose Nymphs dances a languorous
waltz. The ceremony, reaching a climax in a solemn march, with the ringing of
bells, is interrupted by the arrival of the angry Green Fairy, who with fire
and smoke makes al1 the guests disappear. To the trembling royal couple she
offers her own christening present, announcing that at the age of twenty the
Princess wil1 prick her finger on a spindle and fall asleep for ever. When she
has disappeared, the King calls the Master of Spindles, ordering him to destroy
at once al1 the spinning-wheels in the kingdom. The Blue Fairy does not
countermand this spell at once, but calls an ethereal chorus of singing stars
to ensure that a watchful eye will now be kept on the Princess.
Act II
[9] - [12] Scene
I
Twenty years have
passed. In a forgotten turret of the castle a tooth1ess old crone sits over a
forgotten spinning-wheel, singing a melancholy song of loneliness- The woman
leaves the room in search of some wool and the Princess comes in, singing of
the joys of spring. She greets the suspicious Cat, who introduces her to the
Spindle and the three dance together. The old woman returns and, urged by the
Princess, teaches her how to spin, using a spindle that she had kept apart. The
Cat does notice this, but it is already too late: the Princess has pricked her
finger and falls slowly asleep. The old woman rushes out to cal1 for help,
while the Spindle starts to whirl around the Green Fairy's victim in triumph.
[13] - [15] Scene
2
In the royal
apartments once more four Doctors, armed with huge syringes, tel1 the King that
the il1ness of the Princess is unknown. After these incompetent physicians have
been dismissed the Queen joins her husband in a mournful duet. A funeral
procession enters. The Princess, carried in a sedan chair by two white marmots,
seems only asleep. Professional mourners are engaged, realising that no kind of
sweet foods, nor those soft melodies of the morbid Strauss, have been of use in
rousing the Princess. Finally the Blue Fairy appears. She orders the Princess
to be put in an alcove and casts her own spell of sleep over everyone. She
predicts that the Princess will one day wake through a kiss of love and leaves,
as her task is concluded by a legion of humming Spiders that cover the scene with
their silvery webs.
Act III
[16] - [18]
Scene I
The action takes
place some three hundred years later, around 1940. The scene is a place in the
woods from which the enchanted castle can be seen. A Woodcutter sings, joined
in chorus by his fellows. Prince April appears, accompanied by the Duchess and
by a group of huntsmen. In the party are also members of the 'Paper-Hunt', a
rich American society presided over by Mr Dollar Cheques. After a brief attempt
at f1irtation with the Duchess, the Prince is intrigued by the mysterious
castle, all covered with ivy .The Woodcutter tells him the legend of the
sleeping Princess lying therein, still waiting for the kiss of April that will
break the spell. The whole company is urged to return home at once and the Duchess,
already jealous, is consoled by Mr Dollar to the point that he offers to buy
the sleeping Beauty, whatever she costs. After his arietta the Prince leaves
his horse and, full of desire, approaches the castle.
[19] Scene 2
In the hall in
which the Princess lies, Prince April ironically greets the motionless
courtiers he meets, learning from distant echoing voices that it will be love,
inspired by the spring, that will help him break the magic spell.
[20] - [22] Scene
3
A great Spider
tries to lure him into her web, but the Prince destroys her with his
riding-whip. suddenly the alcove is brightly lit. The sleeping Beauty lies
there on her bed and the Prince's kiss awakes her and the others under the spell.
After a passionate love duet, the Blue Fairy makes a final, triumphant
appearance, transforming the old chamber into a splendid throne-room. The royal
couple and the guests rejoice. The 'Paper-Hunt' group, that has just entered, manages
to bring all the seventeenth century people into a dance with them, a nouveau
style Fox-Trot.
Adriano (edited
by Keith Anderson)