Domenico Scarlatti (1685 - 1757) Selected Keyboard Sonatas Domenico Scarlatti was born in Naples in 1685, sixth of the ten children of the composer...
Domenico Scarlatti (1685 - 1757)
Selected Keyboard Sonatas
Domenico Scarlatti was born in Naples in 1685, sixth of the ten
children of the composer Alessandro Scarlatti. Sicilian by birth and chiefly responsible
for the early development of Neapolitan opera. The Scarlatti family had extensive
involvement in music both in Rome and in Naples, where Alessandro Scarlatti became maestro
di cappella to the Spanish viceroy in 1684. Domenico Scarlatti started his public career
in 1701 under his fathers aegis as organist and composer in the vice-regal chapel.
The following year father and son took leave of absence, to explore the possibilities of
employment in Florence, and Alessandro was later to exercise paternal authority by sending
his son to Venice, where he remained some four years. In 1709 he entered the service of
the exiled Queen of Poland in Rome, there meeting and playing against Handel in a keyboard
contest, in which the latter was declared the better organist and Scarlatti the better
harpsichordist. It was through his later appointment to the musical establishment of the
Portuguese ambassador in Rome that he moved in 1719 to Lisbon. There his employment as
music-master to the children of the royal family led him, with his royal pupil the Infanta
Maria Barbara, to Madrid, when she married the heir to the Spanish throne in 1728.
Scarlatti apparently remained there for the rest of his life, his most considerable
musical achievement the composition of 555 single movement sonatas or exercises, designed
largely for the use of the Infanta, who became Queen of Spain in 1746.
The keyboard sonatas of Domenico Scarlatli survive in part in a
number of eighteenth century manuscripts, some clearly from the collection of Queen Maria
Barbara, possibly bequeathed to the great Italian castrato Farinelli, who was employed at
the Spanish court. Various sets of sonatas were published during the composer's lifetime,
in particular through the agency of Scarlatti's English friend Thomas Roseingrave and
possibly through Farinellis Italian connections in London. In the present century
the sonatas were edited by Alessandro Longo, hence the Longo numbers, and in 1953 by the
American harpsichordist Ralph Kirkpatrick. Giorgio Pestelli has recently attempted a new
listing, chiefly on stylistic grounds. Much of the revised numbering depends on
conjectural pairing or grouping of sonatas.
The first thirty sonatas in Kirkpatrick's numbering (K.1-30)
were published in 1738 in London, with a
dedication to King John of Portugal, and sold by Adamo Scola, described as a music-master,
in Vine Street, near Swallow Street, Piccadilly. Scarlatti, in his preface to the reader,
promises entertainment rather than musical substance, an ingenious Jesting with Art (lo
scherzo ingegnoso deII'Arte), an unduly modest disclaimer. The present selection starts
with the characteristic D minor Sonata, K. 9
and includes the C minor Sonata, K. 11, both
from the early London publication. A manuscript collection of thirteen volumes of sonatas
now in Venice and dated 1742 provides a source for K.
87 in B minor and >K. 96 was
published in Paris in an edition of variable quality before 1746. Other sonatas appear in
later manuscript or published collections. There are obvious difficulties in establishing
dates of composition, although contemporary publication or dated manuscript collections
provide at least a terminus post quem non.
Of the remaining sonatas included here, a Spanish element
appears in K.132, while K.135 has been supposed the centre of a set of
three. K.141, with its repeated notes, is
among the best known, and K.146 has by some
been paired with an earlier G major Sonata. K. 159
opens with what sounds like a hunting-call, and K.198
is in the form of a two-voice Toccata. The
charming K. 208 appears first in a
collection of 1753, to which K. 247 in C Sharp minor
belongs, with K. 322 and the popular K. 380. K.435 appears in a Venice manuscript
collection of 1753 and K. 466, K. 474 and
the F minor K. 481 are first found in a
Venice collection of 1756. All the sonatas are in a musical idiom that is entirely
characteristic of the composer, a language that develops to include elements that often
suggest the music of Spain. The majority were probably intended for the harpsichord,
although some may have been designed for the more delicate sounds of the clavichord, with
its direct hammer action, for the organ, or even for the newly developing pianoforte, an
instrument certainly available to Scarlatti in the royal palaces of Spain.
Balazs Szokolay
The Hungarian pianist Balazs Sozkolay was born in Budapest
1961, the son of a mother who is a pianist and a father who is a composer and professor at
the Ferenc Liszt Academy. He started learning the piano when he was five and in 1970
entered the preparatory class of the Budapest Music Academy, where he completed his
studies with Pal Kadosa and Zoltan Kocsis in 1983 .He later spent two years at the
Academy of Music in Munich, with a West German government scholarship.
Balazs Szokolay made an early international appearance with
Peter Nagy at the Salzburg Interforum in 1979, and in 1983 substituted for Nikita
Magaloff in Belgrade in a performance of the Piano
Concerto No.1 of Brahms. He is now a soloist with the Hungarian State Orchestra
and has given concerts in a number of countries abroad, including Austria, Switzerland,
France, Italy, Poland, the Soviet Union, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. In September, 1987,
he made his recital debut at the Royal Festival Hall in London. He has won a number of
important prizes at home and abroad, including, most recently, in the 1987 Queen Elisabeth
of the Belgians Competition.