Sergey Rachmaninov (1873 - 1943) Ten Preludes, Op. 23 Cinq Morceaux de fantaisie, Op. 3 Sergey Vasilyevich Rachmaninov was born at Semyonovo in 1873. His...
Sergey
Rachmaninov (1873 - 1943)
Ten Preludes, Op.
23
Cinq Morceaux de
fantaisie, Op. 3
Sergey
Vasilyevich Rachmaninov was born at Semyonovo in 1873. His family, one of
strong military traditions on both his father's and mother's side, was
well-to-do, but the extravagance of his father made it necessary to sell off
much of their land. Rachmaninov's childhood was spent largely at the one
remaining family estate at Oneg, near Novgorod. The reduction in family
circumstances had at least one happier result. When it became necessary to sell
the estate at Oneg and to move to St. Petersburg, the expense of education for
the Imperial service proved too great. Rachmaninov could make use, instead, of
his musical gifts, entering St. Petersburg Conservatory at the age of nine as a
scholarship student.
Not a
particularly industrious student and lacking the attention that he needed at
home, in 1885 Rachmaninov failed his general subject examinations at the
Conservatory and there were threats that his scholarship would be withdrawn.
His mother, now separated from his father and responsible for the boy's
welfare, arranged that he should move to Moscow to study with Zverev, a teacher
of known strictness. In Zverev's house, however uncongenial the strict routine,
he acquired much of his phenomenal technique as a pianist, while broadening his
musical understanding by attending concerts in the city. At the age of fifteen
he became a pupil of Zverev's former pupil Ziloti at the Conservatory, studying
counterpoint and harmony with Sergey Taneyev and Arensky. His growing interest
in composition led to a quarrel with Zverev and removal to the house of his
relations, the Satins.
In 1891
Rachmaninov completed his piano studies at the Conservatory and the composition
of his first piano concerto. The following year he graduated from the
composition class and composed his notorious Prelude in C sharp minor, a
piece that was to haunt him by its excessive popularity. His early career
brought initial success as a composer, halted by the failure of his first
symphony, conducted badly by Glazunov, apparently drunk at the time, and
reviewed in the cruellest terms by Cesar Cui who described it as a student
attempt to depict in music the seven plagues of Egypt. Rachmaninov busied
himself as a conductor, signing a contract with the Mamontov opera company. As
a composer, however, he suffered from the poor reception of his symphony and
was only enabled to continue alter a course of treatment with Dr. Nikolay Dahl,
a believer in the efficacy of hypnotism. The immediate result was the second of
his four piano concertos.
The years before
the Russian revolution brought continued successful activity as a composer and
as a conductor. In 1902 Rachmaninov married Natalya Satina and went on to
pursue a career that brought him increasing international lame. There were
journeys abroad and a busy professional life, from which summer holidays at the
estate of Ivanovka, which he finally acquired from the Satins in 1910, provided
respite. Ail this was interrupted with the abdication of the Tsar in 1917 and
the beginning of the revolution.
Rachmaninov left
Russia in 1917. From then until his death in Beverley Hills in 1943, he was
obliged to rely largely on performance for a living. Now there was very much
less time for composition, as he undertook demanding concert tours, during
which he dazzled audiences in Europe and America with his remarkable powers as
a pianist. His house at Ivanovka was destroyed in the Russian civil war, and in
1931, the year of the Corelli Variations, his music was banned in
Russia, to be permitted once more two years later. He spent much time in
America, where there were lucrative concert tours, but established a music
publishing house in Paris and built for himself a villa near Lucerne, where he
completed his Paganini Rhapsody in 1934 and his Third Symphony a
year later. In 1939 he left Europe to spend his final years in the United
States.
The first set of Preludes,
published in 1903 as Opus 23, begins a series that, with the thirteen Preludes
of the later Opus 32, completed in 1910, makes use of all major and minor keys,
with the exception of C sharp minor, already claimed by the Opus 10 Prelude
in that key. The procession of keys, however, lacks the logic of Chopin's
similar work. Opus 23 opens gently enough, in F sharp minor, proceeding to a
more grandiose second B flat Prelude, as the mood of the Second Piano
Concerto takes over. A third, marked Tempo di minuetto, soon forgets its
opening in a more overtly romantic texture. Moving from D minor to D major, the
fourth Prelude offers a simple enough melody, soon to be developed,
followed by a G minor march of increasing intensity The sixth recalls the Second
Piano Concerto once more, while the cascading notes of the seventh and
eighth are as unmistakably by Rachmaninov as the chromatic deluge of the ninth,
capped by a solemn but lyrical final G flat major, returning to the tonality of
the opening.
Rachmaninov wrote
his famous Prelude in C Sharp Minor in Moscow in the autumn of 1892 and
played it in public for the first time at a concert at the Electrical
exposition. It was to prove an embarrassingly successful piece, a tact that at
first brought him some pleasure and later some misgivings, as audiences
everywhere clamoured for its inclusion in any recital programme he gave and
arrangements for a diversity of instruments followed, including one for the
banjo and another for trombone quartet. The Prelude itself is a dramatic
and impassioned piece, redolent with supposed Russian melancholy. It is
preceded in the five Morceaux de fantaisie of 1892 by an equally
melancholy Elegie and followed by a gently nostalgic Melodie. Polichinelle
is as capricious as its title would suggest and the set of pieces, the
composer's first to be published, ends with a Serenade in Spanish style.
Idil Siret
Born in Ankara,
Idil Biret began piano lessons at the age of three. She displayed an
outstanding gift for music and graduated from the Paris Conservatoire with
three first prizes when she was fifteen. She studied piano with Alfred Cortot
and Wilhelm Kempff, and composition with Nadia Boulanger.
Since the age of
sixteen Idil Biret has performed in concerts around the world playing with
major orchestras under the direction of conductors such as Monteux, Boult, Kempe,
Sargent, de Burgos, Pritchard, Groves and Mackerras. She has participated in
the festivals of Montreal, Persepolis, Royan, La Rochelle, Athens, Berlin,
Gstaad and Istanbul. She was also invited to perform at the 85th birthday
celebration of Wilheim Backhaus and at the 90th birthday celebration of Wilhelm
Kempff.
Idil Biret
received the Lily Boulanger Memorial Fund award (1954/1964), the Harriet Cohen/Dinu
Lipatti Gold Medal (1959) and the Polish Artistical Merit Award (1974) and was
named Chevalier de l'Ordre du Merite in 1976.