Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791) Cassation in G Major, K. 63 Cassation in B Flat Major, K. 99 Cassation (Serenade) in D Major, K. 100 Wolfgang Amadeus...
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791)
Cassation in G Major, K. 63
Cassation in B Flat Major, K. 99
Cassation (Serenade) in D Major, K.
100
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in
Salzburg in 1756, the son of a court musician who, in the year of his youngest child's
birth, published an influential book on violin-playing. Leopold Mozart rose to occupy the position of Vice-Kapellmeister to the
Archbishop of Salzburg, but sacrificed his own creative career to that of his son, in whom
he detected early signs of precocious genius. With the indulgence of his patron, he was
able to undertake extended concert tours of Europe in which his son and his elder sister
Nannerl were able to astonish audiences. The boy played both the keyboard and the violin
and could improvise and soon write down his own compositions.
Childhood that had brought signal
success was followed by a less satisfactory period of adolescence largely in Salzburg,
under the patronage of a new and less sympathetic Archbishop Mozart, like his father,
found opportunities far too limited at home, while chances of travel were now restricted.
In 1777, when leave of absence was not granted, he gave up employment in Salzburg to seek
a future elsewhere, but neither Mannheim nor Paris, both musical centres of some
importance, had anything for him. His Mannheim connections, however, brought a commission
for an opera in Munich in 1781, and after its successful staging he was summoned by his
patron to Vienna. There Mozart's dissatisfaction with his position resulted in a quarrel
with the Archbishop and dismissal from his service.
The last ten years of Mozart's life
were spent in Vienna in precarious independence of both patron and immediate paternal
advice, a situation aggravated by an imprudent marriage. Initial success in the
opera-house and as a performer was followed, as the decade went on, by increasing
financial difficulties. By the time of his death in December 1791, however, his fortunes
seemed about to change for the better, with the success of the German opera The Magic Flute, and the possibility of increased
patronage.
The derivation of the word Cassation, a title current in south
Germany in the third quarter of the eighteenth century, is open to dispute. Some have
proposed the Italian word cassare, to send away, or cassa, a drum, while others have
suggested the French casser, to break. German scholars have preferred the curious
eighteenth century German Cassaten or gassatim spielen, to describe a street serenade,
from the word Gasse. The word Cassation is generally applied to compositions otherwise
known as serenades or divertimenti, works in a lighter style in a series of short
movements. Mozart himself uses the word to describe the compositions K. 63 and K. 99, as
well as the March, K. 62, supposedly part of the K. 100 Serenata. In a letter of 4th
August 1770 to his sister, written in Bologna in high spirits, he gives the opening bars
of the three works, apparently in reply to her suggestion that someone in Salzburg had
been passing off his compositions as Mozart's.
The three Cassations, K. 63, K. 99 and K. 100, were probably
written in Salzburg in the summer of 1769, intended for outdoor performances that marked
the end of the academic year. It was the custom to play before the Schloss Mirabell, the
residence of the Prince-Archbishop, and then in front of the college buildings, where the
professors of the university had their quarters. Certainly two Final-Musik compositions by
young Mozart were recorded as having been performed in August, 1769, the first, on 6th
August, to mark the end of studies of Logic students, and the second, on 8th August, to
celebrate the end of year for students in Physics, according to the traditional naming of
each year in the established curriculum of studies. These two works may be identified with
K. 63 and K. 99, with their similar instrumental demands. Both are scored for pairs of
oboes and French horns, with strings, the bass part taken, for outdoor purposes, by double
bass and bassoon, since cellos would not normally be played on occasions of this kind, for
purely practical reasons.
The G
major Cassation opens with a March, followed by an Allegro in clear sonata
form. There is a C major Andante for strings, a G major Minuet and G minor Trio, followed
by an Adagio in D major with a moving violin solo, accompanied by strings. The second
Minuet, in G major, sees the return of the wind instruments, with a C major Trio for
strings alone. The Finale, in compound time, encloses a brief excursion into the key of G
minor.
The Cassation
in B flat major, K. 99, opens with a March, followed by an Allegro of similar
form to that in the preceding Cassation.
There is an expressive E flat major Andante for strings only, with oboes and French horns
returning for the following Minuet, its F major Trio left again to the strings. Oboes are
retained for a G minor Andante, to be rejoined by the French horns for the second B flat
major Minuet with an E flat Trio for strings only. The movement is succeeded by an Allegro
that includes two Andante sections, the first in F major and the second in a concluding B
flat major. The Cassation ends with a
repetition of the opening March.
The D
major Cassation is more extravagant in scoring. It presumably originally began
with the March, now numbered K. 62, although this movement alone would have called for
drums. The D major Allegro, scored for pairs of oboes, French horns and trumpets, with
strings, bears the title Serenata and is
in the expected form, making a brilliant opening. It precedes an Andante that makes use of
a solo oboe and solo French horn, instruments that re-appear in the D major Trio of the G
major Minuet, scored for strings only. The same wind instruments are employed in the
succeeding Allegro, in splendid and demanding antiphony, with the trumpets returning to
join in the second D major Minuet, its G major Trio left to the strings. Two flutes join
the strings for an A major Andante, and there is a third Minuet, in D major, for oboes,
horns, trumpets and strings, with a delicate D minor Trio for strings only. The final
Allegro makes use of the whole band in a wonderfully lively conclusion.
Salzburg Chamber Orchestra
The Salzburg Chamber Orchestra was formed in 1988 from the
ensemble of the Mozart Serenade concerts, consisting primarily of members of the Mozarteum
Orchestra. The string orchestra is augmented as required by wind players (two oboes, two
horns and others). The orchestra has a repertoire centred chiefly on the music of Mozart
and has travelled extensively throughout Europe.
Harald Nerat
Harald Nerat studied viola, composing
and conducting at the Vienna Academy for Music and the Arts. His subsequent positions
included that of principal viola in the Vienna Chamber Orchestra and the Johann Strauss
Orchestra of Vienna, as well as section leader in the Vienna Volksoper. >
Harald Nerat has been a member of the
Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg since 1979 and in 1986 instituted the Salzburg Mozart
Serenades with over 80 concerts each year.