Robert Schumann (1810 - 1856) Fantasiestücke Op. 73 Five Pieces in Folk-Song Style Op. 102 Adagio und allegro Op. 70 Franz Schubert (1797 - 1828) Sonata in...
Robert Schumann (1810 - 1856)
Fantasiestücke Op. 73
Five Pieces in Folk-Song Style Op. 102
Adagio und allegro Op.
70
Franz Schubert (1797 - 1828)
Sonata in A minor for arpeggione and piano, D. 821
Robert Schumann must seem in many ways typical of the age in
which he lived, combining a number of the principal characteristics of Romanticism in his
music and in his life. Born in Zwickau in 1810, the son of a bookseller, publisher and
writer, he showed an early interest in literature and later made a name for himself as a
writer and editor of the Neue Zeitschrifl für Musik,
a journal launched in 1834. After a period at university to satisfy the ambitions of his
widowed mother, but still showing the wide interests of a dilettante, Schumann was able to
turn more fully to music under the tuition of Friedrich Wieck, a famous teacher, whose
energies had been largely directed towards the training of his beloved daughter Clara, a
pianist of prodigious early talent.
Schumann's own ambitions as a pianist were to be frustrated by
a weakness of the fingers, the result, it is supposed, of mercury treatment for syphilis,
which he perhaps had contracted from a servant-girl in Wieck's employment. Nevertheless he
wrote a great deal of music for the piano during the 1830s, much of it in the form of
shorter genre pieces, often enough with some extra- musical, literary or autobiographical
association. The end of the decade brought a prolonged quarrel with Wieck, who did his
utmost, through the courts, to prevent his daughter from marrying Schumann, bringing in
support evidence of the latter's allegedly dissolute way of life. He might have
considered, too, a certain mental instability, perhaps in part inherited, which brought
periods of intense depression.
In 1840 Schumann and Clara married, with the permission of the
court. The year brought the composition of a large number of songs and was followed by a
period during which Clara encouraged her husband to tackle larger forms of orchestral
music, while both of them had to make adjustments in their own lives to accommodate their
differing professional requirements and the birth of children. A relatively short period
in Leipzig was followed, in 1844, by residence in Dresden, where Wagner was now installed
at the Court Theatre, his conversation causing Schumann to retire early to bed with a
headache. In 1850 the couple moved to Düsseldorf, where Schumann had been appointed
director of music, a position the demands of which he was unable to meet, a fact that
contributed to his suicidal depression and final break-down in 1854, leading to his death
in the asylum at Endenich two years later.
The Fantasiestücke, Opus 73,
originally Soireestücke, were written in
1849, for clarinet and piano, with the option of violin or cello. Strangely the disturbing
political events of that year in Dresden, which had forced Wagner to make his escape in
disguise, seem to have brought Schumann a surge of inspiration, leading him to describe
the year as his most productive. He mentions in his diaries a wonderful performance of
these Fantasy-pieces by the violinist Ferdinand David and Clara Schumann in Leipzig in
1852 and the following year in Hanover in the presence of the King and Queen, with the
violinist Joachim. The evocative and expressive opening piece, a song in all but name, is
followed by the busy piano accompaniment of the second and the energetic third, with its
cross-rhythms and relaxed central section.
The Five Pieces in Folk-Song
Style, Opus 102, were written in 1849 for cello or violin and piano and were
published two years later. The work was dedicated to the Gewandhaus Orchestra cellist
Andreas Grabau. The pieces are true to their title, the first of them, Vanitas vanitatum,
making in its title a whimsical reference to scripture. The gentle second piece leads to a
pastoral third and a forthright fourth. The group ends with an element of drama.
Schumann's Adagio and Allegro for French horn and piano, or,
alternatively, for violin or cello with the same accompaniment, was also written in 1849
and originally bore the title Romanze. The slow opening is marked Langsam, mit innigem Ausdruck (Slow, with heartfelt
expression), a characteristic direction. The Allegro, Rasch und feurig, has a quieter
central section, and after the return of the first section proceeds to a rapider
conclusion.
Franz Schubert, a composer greatly admired by Schumann, spent
most of his short life in his native Vienna, where his parents had previously settled, his
father to run a school. He was trained as a chorister in the Imperial Chapel, with the
general educational opportunities offered by that employment. Refusing a scholarship that
would have allowed him to continue his studies after his voice broke, he trained briefly
as a teacher and thereafter worked intermittently for his father, while pursuing his
musical interests. He never held any official position in the musical establishment, but
by the time of his death in 1828 publishers were showing increasing interest in his work.
The arpeggione, a
form of bowed guitar, was invented or at least constructed by the Viennese maker Johann
Georg Staufer in 1823. The instrument had six strings, tuned like the guitar, and 24 metal
frets fixed to the fingerboard. Its on I y exponent of significance was Vincenz Schuster,
who published a tutor for the arpeggione with the firm of Diabelli. It was for Schuster
that Schubert wrote, in 1824, the so-called Arpeggione
Sonata, a work that now forms part of the repertoire of the cello and, in
further transcription, of the viola.
The first movement opens with a theme offered by the piano and
repeated, according to custom, by the cello, with aversion of the melody that is slightly
extended, leading to a second, livelier theme and the conclusion of the first part of the
movement with plucked chords from the cello. Much of the earlier material re-appears in
the central development, which ends in a brief cadenza that re-introduces the first theme
in recapitulation. The Adagio, after a short piano introduction, otters a fine singing
melody for the cello solo, to the closing Allegretto, opening with a lilting theme that
shows all Schubert's facility of invention. A contrasting D minor episode recalls the
rhythm of the first movement, giving way again to the first theme. New themes appear,
before the D minor episode re-appears in A minor, to lead in turn to the final return of
the first melody.
Maria Kliegel
Maria Kliegel achieved significant success in 1981, when she
was awarded the grand prix in the RostropoVich Competition. Born in Dillenburg, Germany,
she began learning the cello at the age of ten and first came to public attention five
years later, when, as a student at the Dr. Hochsches Conservatory in Frankfurt, she twice
won first prize in the Jugend Musiziert competition. She later studied in America with
Janos Starker, serving as his assistant, and subsequently appeared in a phenomenal series
of concerts in America, Switzerland and France, with RostropoVich as conductor. She has
since then enjoyed an international career of growing distinction as a soloist and
recitalist, offering an amazingly wide repertoire, ranging from Bach and Vieuxtemps to the
contemporary. She plays on a 1693 Antonio Stradivari instrument which was previously owned
by Maurice Gendron.
Kristin Merscher
Kristin Merscher was born in Frankfurt am Main and as a
seven-year-old had her first regular piano instruction there at the Conservatory. One year
later she moved with her family to Hanover, studying at the Hanover Hochschule für Musik.
From 1977 until 1980 she studied in Paris with an eminent teacher at the Conservatoire,
with regular summer master-classes with Gyorgy Sebok in Switzerland and at Indiana
University. She made her debut at the age of ten in a piano concerto by Haydn and her
first solo recital at the age of fourteen, later embarking on a solo career which has
taken her to the principal music centres of Europe, to the Far East and to Canada and the
United States of America, as well as to the Middle East.