Malcolm
Arnold (b.1921)
Symphony
No.1, Op. 22
Symphony
No.2, Op. 40
Malcolm Arnold was born
in 1921 in Northampton, where his father was a
well-to-do shoe manufacturer. There was music in the family, both from his
father and from his mother, a descendant of a former Master of the Chapel
Royal. Instead of the expected period at a public school, he was educated
privately at home, particularly by his aunts, and subsequently with music
lessons from the organist of St Matthew's Church in Northampton. As a twelve-year-old
he found a new interest in the trumpet and in jazz after hearing Louis
Armstrong, and three years later he was able to study the instrument in London under Ernest Hall,
subsequently winning a scholarship to the Royal College of Music, where his
composition teacher was Gordon Jacob. Two years later he left the College to
join the London Philharmonic Orchestra as second trumpet. Meanwhile he had won
a composition prize for a one-movement string quartet. It was as an orchestral
play that he was able to explore the wider orchestral repertoire, in particular
the symphonies of Mahler.
Early in the 1939-45 war
Arnold was a conscientious
objector, in common with other leading musicians. He was allowed to continue
his work as an orchestral player, and was appointed first trumpet. In 1943,
however, he volunteered for military service, but was discharged, after
shooting himself in the foot, playing thereafter second trumpet to his teacher
Ernest Hall in the BBC Symphony Orchestra and then rejoining the London
Philharmonic, where he was principal trumpet until 1948. During these years he
had continued work as a composer, with a series of works that included the
popular overture Beckus the Dandipratt, a clarinet concerto and a
symphony for strings, as well as a variety of chamber music, that included the Three
Shanfies for wind quintet.
From 1948 Malcolm Arnold
has earned his living as a composer. In the 1960s he settled in Cornwall, where he became
closely involved with musical activities in the county. In 1972 he moved to Dublin, his home for the next
five years, and then, in 1977, to Norfolk. Over the years his work has been much in demand
for film scores, of which he has written some eighty , including music for the
David Lean film The Bridge on the Rjver Kwaj, for which he won an Oscar,
The Inn of the sixth Happiness and David Lean's The Sound Barrjer. There
are concertos for flute, guitar, harmonica, French horn, oboe, organ, piano
duet and two pianos, the last for three hands for the use of Cyril Smith and
Phyllis Sellick, recorder, trumpet, viola and two violins, nine numbered
symphonies, sinfoniettas, concert overtures and other orchestral works. His
chamber music is equally varied and there is a set of works for solo wind
instrument, meeting the demands of competitive set- pieces.
In style Malcolm Arnold
has a command of popular idiom and this may have suggested to some an unfavourable
identification with the world of light music. He is, in fact, a composer of
considerable stature, technically assured, fluent and prolific, providing music
that gives pleasure, but also music that may have a more sombre side, work that
may be lyrical and tuneful, or even astringent and harsh in its revelations.
Donald Mitchell has compared Arnold, illuminatingly, with Dickens, both of them great
entertainers but both well aware of the human predicament, unsettlingly
revealed, as he points out, in the remarkable series of symphonies.
Malcolm Arnold's symphony
No.1, Opus 22, was written in 1949 and was first performed by the
Hall Orchestra under the composer at the Cheltenham Festival in 1951. The first
movement draws much of its substance from the opening unison, particularly from
the interval of a rising second and the figure of a third that occur in the
first phrase. There is a more lyrical secondary theme introduced by muted
violins and this material is developed in a mood that is often mysterious and
even ominous. The thematic material re-appears in recapitulation, this third
section of the movement opening with woodwind and harp, moves forward to a much
more forceful statement of the second subject and ends with the brusque return
of the opening theme. The slow movement, Andantino, provides a necessary
contrast in its gentle and meditative lyricism, although there are
interruptions from the brass and percussion, momentarily shattering the calm.
Thematically there are here unifying references to the opening phrase of the
symphony, notably the rising second and the interval of a minor third. It is
followed, in abrupt dynamic contrast, by a final Vivace confuoco, which
opens with a fugue, its subject announced by the violins, followed by woodwind,
horns and basses. The fugue is not worked out in the conventional manner, with
two further returns to the substance of a fugal exposition, when the subject
and answers return, and there is additional thematic material, with the Mahlerian
transformation of the subject itself into a popular march, played by the
piccolos. This lapse from the high seriousness of a symphony is repaired by the
solemnity of the final metamorphosis of the theme, over a bass figure provided
by double basses, timpani and tuba.
Symphony No.2, Opus 40, was completed early in
1953 in response to a commission from the Bournemouth Winter Gardens Society to
celebrate the diamond jubilee of the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra, now the
Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. It was first performed there in May 1953 under
the conductor Charles Groves, a continuing champion of Arnold's music, who shared the
dedication of the work. The opening Allegretto, after the brief initial
motif, which will re-appear, gives the first theme to the clarinet, to be
repeated by muted first vio1insand a third statement of the subject. The theme
forms much of the substance of the tripartite movement, with a second subject
introduced by clarinets and flutes in thirds. The first theme provides the
substance of the central development and the recapitulation starts with the
opening theme, loudly proclaimed. The scherzo that follows is in ternary form,
with fragmentary thematic material. There is a marked theme distinguished by
the descending interval of a seventh and in the central section room for the
brusque intrusion of percussion and brass. The slow movement allows the
appearance of a melancholy bassoon theme, accompanied by the sustained notes of
the violins. The theme is taken up by the violas and then by the oboe, leading
to a second theme of brighter connotation. This material returns final1y in
reverse order, leaving the final feeling of melancholy, as the French horn
restates the melody of the opening. The symphony ends with a final Allegro
con brio, a brief introduction, in abrupt contrast with what has gone before,
leading to a dance-like melody for woodwind. A second theme appears in the
horns, followed by trumpets and trombones in a fugal texture. The material of
the first section returns and there is a passage for piccolo over artificial
string harmonics and fragmentary appearances of xylophone and flute. The stark
secondary theme returns, in substance, before the last appearance of the dance
and a majestic coda.