Manuel de Falla (1876 -1946)
El Amor Brujo (Love the Magician)
Gitaneria en un acto y dos cuadros (Gypsy Ballet in One Act and
Two Scenes)
Libretto: Gregorio Martinez Sierra
Original Version (1915) Nancy Fabiola
Herrera, Mezzo-Soprano Dialogue: Natacha Valladares .Ismael Pons-Tena
Cameristi Diego Dini-Ciacci, Conductor
Cuadro primero I Scene 1
[1] Introducci6n y Escena I Introduction
and Scene
[2] Canci6n del amor dolido I
Song of the Pain of
Love
[3] Sortilegio (A media noche) I Enchantment
(At midnight)
[4] Danza del fin del dia I Dance of the End of the Day
[5] Escena (El amor vulgar) I Scene (Ordinary Love)
[6] Romance del pescador I Romance of the Fisherman
[7] Intermedio (Interlude)
Cuadro segundo I Scene 2
[8] Introducci6n (El fuego fatuo) I Introduction
(Will-o'-the-Wisp)
[9] Escena (El Terror) I Scene (Terror)
[10] Danza del fuego fatuo I
Dance of the
Will-o'-the-Wisp
[11] Interludio (Alucinaciones) I Interlude (Hallucinations)
[12] Canci6n del fuego fatuo I Song of the Will-o'the-Wisp
[13] Conjuro para reconquistar el amor perdido
I Spell to win back lost love
[14] Escena (El amor popular) I Scene (Common Love)
[15] Danza y Canci6n de la bruja fingida I
Dance and Song of the False Witch
[16] Final (Las campanas del amanecer) I Finale (Bells of Morning)
El Retablo de Maese Pedro (Master Peter's
Puppet Show) Adaptaci6n musical y escenica de un episodio de El Ingenioso
Caballero Don Quixote de la Mancha de Miguel de Cervantes (Musical and Dramatic
Adaptation of an episode from The Ingenious Knight Don Quixote de la Mancha of
Miguel de Cervantes)
Maese Pedro Jordi Galofre, Tenor El Truijamiin
Natacha Valladares, Soprano Don Quijote Ismael Pons- Tena, Baritone
I Cameristi .Maurizio Dini-Ciacci,
Conductor
[17] El Pregon! The Proclamation
[18] Sinfonia de Maese Pedro! Sinfonia of
Master Peter
[19] Cuadro I. La Corte
de Carlo Magno / Scene 1. The Court of Charlemagne
[20] Cuadro II. Melisendra ! Scene 2.
Melisendra
[21] Cuadro III. El suplicio del Moro /
Scene 3. The Moor's Punishment
[22] Cuadro IV. Los Pirineos / Scene 4. The
Pyrenees
[23] Cuadro V. La fuga! Scene 5. The Escape
[24] Cuadro VI. La persecucion / Scene 6.
The Pursuit
[25]Final! Finale
Manuel de Falla was born in Ciidiz in 1876
and had his early musical training and education there, deciding at the age of
seventeen to embark on a career as a composer. He studied at the Madrid
Conservatory and from the turn of the century earned a living from the
composition of zarzuelas, most of which have not survived. Study with Pedrell,
an important figure in the creation of Spanish musical nationalism in an
acceptable international musical language, was followed by a seminal period of
nearly seven years in Paris, during which he had encouragement from
Paul Dukas, as well as from Debussy, Ravel and the Spanish composer Albeniz. Spain had exercised a musical fascination over French
composers, from saint-saens and Bizet to Debussy and Ravel and now Falla could
exert his own Spanish influence over contemporary French composers with whom he
consorted. His reputation was definitively established with the staging of the
opera La vida breve in Nice in 1913 and a collaboration with Dyagilev
that led to the staging in London in 1919 of El sombrero de tres picas (The
Three-Cornered Hat) by the Ballets russes, with decor by Picasso and
choreography by Massine.
After his return to Spain in 1914, with the outbreak of war, Falla continued
his study of the traditional cante jondo of Andalucia. h11915 he
presented his gitaneria, a gypsy piece, in Madrid, followed the next
year by his evocative work for piano and orchestra Noches en las jardines de
Espafla (Nights in the Gardens of Spain). Settling in Granada, the
inspiration for the Fantasia betica, commissioned by Rubinstein, he
fulfilled a commission from Princess Edmond de Polignac (nee Winnie Singer) for
the small-scale theatre piece, El retablo de Maese Pedro, a profoundly
Spanish work, based on Cervantes, and composed the neo-classical summary of his
work of synthesis of the national and international, the Concierto para clavicembalo.
Much of his later life was spent in work on Atltintida, a
choreographic poem based on a text derived from the Catalan of Jacinto V erdaguer
.This remained unfinished at the time of FaI1a's death in Argentina in 1946. He had spent the years of the Civil War in Granada. His deeply Catholic sympathies led him to deplore
the appalling excesses of the Republicans, the burning of churches and the
persecution of the clergy, as much as he deplored and lamented the murder of
his friend Federico Garcia Lorca, and his move to Argentina came about by the
accident of an invitation in 1939 to present concerts in Buenos Aires, rather
than for any political motives. War-time difficulties and dangers of travel,
even in neutral ships, will have played a part in keeping him abroad. After a
funeral service in the Cathedral of the Argentinian Cordoba, his body was
brought back to Spain, to be interred with due honour in Cadiz
Cathedral.
El amor brujo owes its origin to the inspiration provided by the
gypsy dancer Pastora lmperio and her mother, Rosario la Mejorana, from whom Falla learned much about gypsy songs and
traditions. The scenario was provided by Gregorio Martinez Sierra. Candelas, a
beautiful and passionate gypsy girl, has loved a dissolute and faithless young
gypsy. Her life with him was difficult, but now that he is dead she cannot
forget him. The scene opens at night in a gypsy house, where two gypsy girls
are sitting on the floor, reading the cards. Candelas remembers her faithless
lover, whose absence still haunts her, now that he is dead. She is resolved to
seek revenge, and this she does by resource to magic, entering the witch's cave
and, in spite of the Will-o'the-Wisp that frequents the place, making use of her
magic to summon the spirit of her dead lover back, only to spurn him, treating
him as once he treated her.
The original version of El amor brujo, in
which Pastora Imperio performed at the first staging at the Teatro Lara in Madrid in 1915, uses a relatively small group of instruments
and contains material that was omitted from the more familiar revised concert
version. The best known element in the score must be the Danza ritual del fuego (Ritual Fire Dance), para ahuyentar los malos espiritus (to
banish evil spirits) which, in the original version, is the Danza delfin del dia (Dance of the End of the Day), a dance that has appeared in a wide
variety of arrangements, for better or worse.
El retablo de Maese Pedro (Master Peter's Puppet Show) dramatizes an
episode in the Cervantes novel Don Quixote, a work that is
quintessentially Spanish, a natural source for a composer whose own inspiration
was derived from Spanish traditions. The work had its first performance in Seville at a concert of the Sociedad Sevillana de Conciertos
on 23rd March 1923, followed by the first private staging for the dedicatee,
Princess Edmond de Polignac, in Paris on 25th June, with a public concert
performance in Paris five months later. This piece for puppets
involves two groups, the smaller puppets of Master Peter's show, representing
Charlemagne, Don Gayferos, Don Roland, Melisendra, King Marsilio and the
enamoured Moor, with heralds, knights, soldiers, executioners and Moors. The
audience and puppeteers, with puppets of larger size, include Don Quixote,
Master Peter, the boy, Sancho Panza, the inn-keeper, the scholar, a page and
the man with lances and halberds. The first three of these have vocal parts.
The voice of Don Quixote is provided by a bass or baritone, that of Master
Peter by a tenor and that of the boy, El Trujaman (the story-teller, dragoman,
or, in the original Turkish, tercuman), by a boy treble or, if this is not
possible, by a woman's voice that may reproduce something of the roughness of a
boy shouting in the street. The other puppets, both on stage and in the
audience, are silent. The instrumentation includes, with the chamber orchestra,
an important part for harpsichord, played at the first Paris
performance by Wanda Landowska.
In the novel by Cervantes Don Quixote, a
simple country gentleman, has been inspired by his reading of romances, tales
of the adventures of knights errant of old, to imitate their example and go out
in search of wrongs to right. He is accompanied by Sancho Panza, a villager now
appointed squire to the Knight of the Sorrowful Countenance. Throughout the
novel Don Quixote is misled by his imagination, tilting at windmills that he
sees as giants, attacking a flock of sheep that he sees as a hostile army. In
the episode of Master Peter's puppet show, Don Quixote mistakes the puppets of
the story, one of knightly adventure, for heroes in need of his help. He
intervenes to destroy the enemies of Don Gayferos and Melisendra, thinking to
secure their escape from the pursuing Moors. In doing this he breaks the puppets,
leaving Master Peter to do what he can with what is left of his business.
El Retablo de Maese Pedro opens with [17] El Pregon (The
Proclamation). The scene is an inn stable in La Mancha. Master Peter appears, ringing a bell, with a monkey on his shoulder.
He calls for attention. During the [18] Sinfonia de Maese Pedro, the
audience comes in, Don Quixote being bowed to a place in the front row, his
long legs stretched in front of him or crossed during the following
performance. Master Peter enters his booth and the boy comes in, carrying a
wand, and begins the story of Don Gayferos, whose wife Melisendra, putative
daughter of Charlemagne, has been taken prisoner by the Moorish King Marsilio.
Don Gayferos, however, remains idle, preoccupied with his games of chess. The
scene is now revealed of the court of Charlemagne, where Don Gayferos is
playing chess with Don Roland. The boy draws attention to Charlemagne himself,
who is angry and urges Don Gayferos to action. The latter refuses the help of
Roland and will set out himself to rescue Melisendra. The scene is acted after
the narrative explanation, the two knights rising from their game as the
Emperor enters to appropriately stately music and confronts Don Gayferos,
striking him with his sceptre, before turning away. Left alone, the two knights
quarrel and Don Gayferos storms out in anger. The boy now resumes his story,
telling of the captive Melisendra in her tower of the Alcazar of Saragossa,
thinking of her husband and Paris. A Moor approaches stealthily and kisses her:
he is seen by King Marsilio and seized.
[20] Melisendra is seen leaning from her
balcony, while King Marsilio is visible from time to time, walking along the
outer gallery of the castle. The Moor approaches Melisendra and kisses her: she
calls for help, tearing her hair, and the Moor is seized by the guards. The boy
continues the story, telling how the Moor is taken through the streets to the
town square, where he will be given two hundred blows, condemned almost as soon
as the crime had been committed: he adds that the Moors have no due criminal
process. Don Quixote takes exception to this and stands up to make his
objection: Master Peter tells the boy to keep to the story, without adding his
own embellishments. The puppeteer returns to his booth and Don Quixote sits
down.
[21] The scene of the Moor's punishment is
acted, the blows of the executioners in time with the music. The Moor falls and
is dragged away by the guards. The curtain closes again and the boy describes
the approach of Don Gayferos.
[22] Don Gayferos rides through the
mountain passes of the Pyrenees. He is wrapped in a long cloak and carries
a hunting-horn, which he blows now and again. The curtain closes again and the
boy describes how Melisendra, at the window of her tower, talks to a stranger
in the street below, asking him to ask in Paris for Don Gayferos: the knight
reveals his identity and sets her on his horse, riding now to Paris once more.
[23] The scene is acted, with Melisendra on
her balcony and Don Gayferos, his face covered by his cloak, approaching. they
talk, Don Gayferos reveals himself, Melisendra descends and they ride away
together. [24] The boy wishes them well, with happiness in lives as long as
Nestor's, a comment that induces Master Peter to tell him to keep to the point.
[25] The curtain now opens for the last time, showing King Marsilio summoning
his guards, the boy pointing with his wand to the figures, as he tells the
story. All the city is in turmoil, with bells ringing from the minarets. Don
Quixote jumps up to object, since the Moors do not have church bells, but drums
and shawms. Master Peter pokes his head out of the booth to tell Don Quixote
not to be such a stickler for accuracy, since plays are always full of
inaccuracies of this kind. Don Quixote agrees and sits down again, while the
boy points out the figures now pursuing Don Gayferos and Melisendra, with
trumpets and drums, about to catch the fugitives. This is too much for Don
Quixote, who leaps up, drawing his sword and attacking the puppets in
indignation, knocking some down, beheading others and narrowly missing Master
Peter himself. The latter begs Don Quixote to stop, but cannot pacify him, who
exults in his victory, declaring his name and his loyalty to the beautiful Dulcinea,
his imagined lady, whom he now addresses, enraptured (Dulcinea del Toboso is,
it may be recalled, a serving wench in a nearby inn and in no way shares Don
Quixote's illusions). Don Quixote continues to extol his own exploit and those
of the knights of old, while Master Peter can only stare in despair at the
havoc wrought on his puppets.