Gabriel Faure (1845 - 1924)
Piano Music for Four Hands
Souvenirs de Bayreuth / Huit pièces brèves,
Op. 84
Masques et bergamasques, Op. 112 /
Allegro symphonique, Op. 68
Dolly, Op. 56
The sixth and youngest child of a father with aristocratic
connections, a former teacher, employed in the educational inspectorate and
then as director of a teachers' training college, Gabriel Faure was encouraged
by his family in his early musical ambitions. His professional training,
designed to allow him a career as a choirmaster, was at the Ecole Niedermeyer
in Paris, where, by good fortune, he met Saint-Saens, who was then teaching the
piano at the school. This was the beginning of a relationship that lasted until
the death of Saint-Saens in 1921.
Faure completed his studies at the Ecole Niedenneyer in
1865 and the following year took up an appointment as organist at the church of
St Sauveur in Rennes, turning his attention increasingly, during the four
years of this provincial exile, to composition. After similar less important
appointments in Paris, in 1871 he became assistant organist at St Sulpice,
later moving to the Madeleine as deputy to Saint-Saens and subsequently as choirmaster,
when Theodore Dubois succeeded Saint-Saens in 1877. Marriage in 1883 and the
birth of two sons brought financial responsibilities that Faure met by his
continued employment at the Madeleine and by teaching. At the same time he
wrote a large number of songs, while remaining, as always, intensely critical
of his own work, particularly with regard to compositions on a larger scale.
The last decade of the nineteenth century brought Faure
more public recognition In 1892 he became inspector of French provincial
conservatories and four years later principal organist at the Madeleine In the same
year he at last found employment as teacher of composition at the
Conservatoire, the way now open to him after the death of the old director Ambroise
Thomas, who had found Faure too much of a modernist for such a position His
association with the Conservatoire, where his pupils over the years included Ravel,
Koechlin, Enescu and Nadia Boulanger, led, in 1905, to his appointment as
director, in the aftermath of the scandal that had denied the Prix de Rome to
Ravel. He remained in this position until 1920, his time for composition
initially limited by administrative responsibilities, although he was later
able to devote himself more fully to this, adding yet again to the repertoire
of French song, with chamber music and works for piano.
Faure's musical language bridged a gap between the
romanticism of the nineteenth century and the world of music that had appeared
with the new century, developing and evolving, but retaining its own fundamental
characteristics. His harmonic idiom, with its subtle changes of tonality and
his gift for melody, is combined with an understanding of the way contemporary
innovations might be used in a manner completely his own.
It was together with Andre Messager that Faure travelled
in 1879 to Cologne to hear Wagner's Das Rheingold and Die Walkure and
later to Munich to hear the complete Ring Cycle. There were further
Wagnerian journeys, including, in 1882, a visit to London to hear the Ring
Cycle and, again with Messager, in 1888 to Bayreuth itself, to hear Parsifal,
a work that affected him deeply. It was with Messager, in a much lighter vein
and in the same year, that he collaborated on Souvenirs de Bayreuth, a
series of five short piano duets in the form of a quadrille, based on favourite
themes from The Ring, some of which are transformed into something less
instantly recognisable.
The Eight Pieces, Opus 84 were assembled for publication
in 1903, with titles that were the publisher's, not Faure's choice. These
include two fugues from 1869, written while he was in Rennes. Two of the pieces,
the Capriccio and Improvisation, were originally intended as
sight-reading tests for the Conservatoire, while others may have had an earlier
origin. The Fantaisie is redolent of Faure as a song composer, as is the
Adagietto, while the Fugues are predictably formal in structure. Allegresse,
marked Allegro giocoso, again shows the composer's gift for melody, here
over a rippling accompaniment, and the set ends with a D flat major Nocturne.
Faure wrote Masques et Bergamasques in 1918 in response
to a commission by Prince Albert I of Monaco for music to accompany a
choreographic divertissement, to be staged in April 1919 For this purpose,
apparently a transitory one, he was able to use again a number of earlier
compositions. As the title indicates, the divertissement was to be based on
poems by Verlaine, adapted for this purpose by Rene Fauchois, contrasting the
Theatre Italien actors Harlequin, Gilles and Columbine, on an idealised Cytherean
island, with their formal theatre audience, figures from the aristocratic world
of Watteau, now watched by the actors from their hiding-place, for whom they
unwittingly provide a performance. The evocative title comes from the second line
of the first poem of Fetes Galantes, Clair de lune, the source of
inspiration for the whole work. From the original eight movements Faure derived
a suite of four movements. These start with an Ouverture that was originally
the Intermezzo de symphonie written in Rennes and first performed there
in 1868. This provides an apt and lively opening, to be followed originally by the
Pastorale, that is placed later in the Suite. The Menuet
was written in 1918 and 1919 and is in a stately Baroque tempo. The Gavotte
dates from 1869, while the Pastorale, completed in the early months of
1919, is aptly placed at the end of the Suite, to which it provides an
element of unity with a brief reference to the opening theme of the Ouverture.
Faure wrote his Symphony in F or Suite d'orchestre,
Opus 20, between 1867 and 1873, an attempt at writing of this kind that
must have convinced him that his real talents lay elsewhere. The first movement
of the symphony was arranged in 1893 by Leon Boellmann for piano duet, although
the work was first heard in 1873 when Faure and Saint-Saens performed it in a
two-piano version that has not survived. The third and fourth movements
provided material for the Gavotte and Ouverture of the Masques
et bergamasques suite. The Allegro symphonique is in sonata form,
with an asymmetrical first subject and a second, lyrical theme, duly developed
and heard in recapitulation.
The Dolly Suite was written between 1893 and 1897
for piano duet and the whole set of pieces was dedicated to Helene Bardac,
Dolly, daughter of Emma Bardac, who, as a singer, had exercised a strong fascination
over Faure. She was subsequently to leave her banker husband to bear a child to
Debussy, whom she later married. Their daughter inspired Debussy to write his
own Children's Corner. Faure's suite starts with a Berceuse, a
familiar cradle-song. Mi-a-ou, with its editorial indication of a cat,
was originally designed as an evocation of Dolly's brother Raoul, Messieu Aoul,
while Le jardin de Dolly (Dolly's Garden) provided Dolly with a
particularly evocative and beautiful New Year present in 1895. The Kitty Valse,
a birthday present in 1896, refers, in its original title, to Raoul's pet dog,
and Tendresse (Tenderness) was originally dedicated to Adela Maddison,
wife of a music-publisher, the apparent object of Faure's affections at this
time and perhaps in later years, after she had left her husband and settled in
Paris. The suite ends with an excursion into the world of Spain.
Keith Anderson