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BOISMORTIER: Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse

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BOISMORTIER: Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse

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Joseph Bodin de Boismortier (1689 - 1755) Don Quixote at the Duchess' Joseph Bodin de Boismortier was born at Thionville on 23rd December 1689 and died at...

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Joseph Bodin de Boismortier (1689 - 1755)

Don Quixote at the Duchess'

Joseph Bodin de Boismortier was born at Thionville on 23rd December 1689 and died at Roissy-en-Brie on 28th October 1755. He holds an exceptional position in the history of music in more than one respect. Born into the modest family of a retired soldier, who had settled in Thionville as the owner of a sweet-shop, he moved to Metz in 1700 and left Lorraine in 1713 to establish himself in the city of Perpignan as a clerk for the Royal Board of Tobaccos, a position remote enough from the world of music. There is no trace, indeed, of any musical activity of his during the ten years he spent in the city. It seems, however, that he did receive some musical instruction during this period from Joseph Valette de Montigny and in 1720 Boismortier married a niece of his, a member of a family of rich jewellers, subsequently, acting on the advice of highly placed friends, he proceeded to liquidate his business and settled with his wife and daughter at the court of the Duchess of Maine, at Sceaux and later in Paris, where he was first granted the privilege of printing his own compositions on 29th February 1724, allowing him now to publish his duets for transverse flute and the French cantatas that he had written in Perpignan.

In his Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne of 1780, the distinguished scholar Jean- Benjamin de La Borde painted a charming and realistic picture of the composer:

Boismortier appeared at a time when only simple and easy music was in fashion. This competent musician took all too much advantage of this tendency and shaped, for the many, airs and duets in great number which were performed on the flute, the violins, oboes, bagpipes and hurdy-gurdies . ..He so abused the ingenuousness of his numerous buyers that in the end the following was said of him:

Happy is he, Boismortier, whose fertile quill

Conceives each month, without travail, of airs his fill.

(Bienheureux Boismortier, dont la fertile plume

Peut tous les mois sans peine enfanter un volume.)

Boismortier's answer to such pleasantries, remained simple enough and to the point: I am earning money. His output was remarkable, with some 102 pieces, to which may be added airs, other scores, grand motets and a dictionary of harmony. He also published practical manuals for the flute and the treble viol.

Vocal music by Boismortier includes serious songs, drinking songs, French cantatas, small motets, motets for large choirs, small cantatas and, naturally, opera-ballets, these last Les voyages de l'Amour (The Travels of Love) in 1736, Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse (Don Quixote at the Duchess') in 1743, the pastoral Daphnis et Chloe in 1747, the lyric tragedy Daphne in 1748 and, in 1752, Les quatre parties du monde (The Four Parts of the World).

Victim, among others of the conflict between Italian and French musical traditions, the so-called querelle des bouffons, he withdrew from the musical scene in 1753. He was the owner of a small property, La G�tinellerie, at Roissy-en-Brie, and here, at the age of sixty-six, he died, shortly after requesting permission to be buried in the nave of the parish church there.

The three-act ballet Don Quichotte was the result of a collaboration with Charles-Simon Favart and was to involve material derived from Boismortier's own encounters in the salons of Paris. There, according to De La Borde, he was to be seen decked out in his finest golden costume, speaking eloquently, flirting with women, impressing everyone with his verses. This would have earned him the friendship of Favart, who raised vaudeville to new heights and participated in the birth of the French opera-comique. The writer had won particular popularity in 1741 with La chercheuse d'esprit (The Seeker after Wit) at the Foire St-Germain. In 1743 he was engaged as stage manager and repetiteur by the Paris Opera-Comique and in the same year Boismortier became assistant conductor for the orchestra of the Foire St- Laurent, with which Favart was allowed to work after the closure of the Opera-Comique, an event that took place as a result of the jealousy of the Cornedie-Italienne.

Performed at the Royal Academy of Music on 12th February 1743, in a double bill with a revival of Jean-Joseph Mouret's Ragonde ou la soiree de village (Ragonde or the Village Evening), Boismortier's ballet was staged before Le pouvoirde l'Amour (The Power of Love), by Pancrace Royer, which had its first performance on 23rd April. Boismortier had, in consequence, competition from the most distinguished of his contemporaries. The tragic moral themes of Cervantes, however, became, under Favart, a true comedie-lyrique, with a plot that mingles the comic and the sad, much as had Le carnaval et lafolie (Carnival and Folly) by Destouches in 1704, de la Barre's La venitienne in 1705 or Rameau's Platee in 1745. The production involved some of the best known performers of the time, with Marie Fel as Altisidore, Berard and Cuvillier as Don Quichotte and Sancho, and the dancers Dumoulin, Lany and Dupre, with Mesdemoiselles Dallemand and Camargo. Voltaire wrote the following lines on Camargo and her rival Salle, who danced in Boismortier's Les voyages de l'Amour:

Oh Camargo, how brilliant you are,

But Salle, good heavens, how ravishing!

How light are your steps and how sweet are hers!

She is unmatched and you are new.

Nymphs leap in your fashion,

But the Graces dance like her.

The colourful and brilliant overture is followed by three acts, moving at a rapid pace, in which Boismortier makes use of some Rameau effects, triplet crotchets, short rhythmic passages, accompanied recitatives and distinctive orchestration. Rameau himself was to recall this work when, ten years later, he wrote his Boreades, in which two of the finest arias bear a striking resemblance to arias from Don Quichotte. The musical interludes ail have the pastoral characteristics of the period and, although Boismortier does not make use of the musette, the French shepherd bagpipe, to enhance them, he makes full use of the gavottes, bourrees, passepieds and other airs and dances that he happily reproduces in his compilation of sonatas. Naturally some arias provide an excuse for moralising on love and war and some instruments have the finest pages of the score assigned to them, as with the flute solo in Act II, Scene 3, with Altisidore's Eh, pourquoi mourir de changer and the oboe part in Act I, Scene 5, with the peasant girl's comic Je n'entends point le caquet d'un muguet.

Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse prefigures the success of Boismortier's pastorale Daphnis et Chloe, with a libretto by Laujon, which was first performed on 28th September 1747, forming the climax of his career, to be restaged and even parodied in 1752 by the Comedie- Italienne as Les bergers de qualite (The Shepherds of Quality). Numbered 102, Daphnis et Chloe ends Boismortier's catalogue of works, one of the most voluminous ever produced by an eighteenth century French composer.

Stephan Perreau

(Translation by Michael Nafi)

Notes from the Stage Director, Vincent Tavemier

The Characteristics of a New Genre

On the one hand we have Favart, a librettist skilled in the impertinence and liveliness of the popular The�tre de la Foire, and on the other Boismortier, a composer full of ideas of which he is an excellent and daring exponent: the opera-ballet of earlier times, magnificent and solemn, could not survive such a conjunction of wit.

The ballet-comique Don Quichotte, ordered by the King for the 1743 carnival, was something new, light and dazzling. Its immediate success brought abundant support and ensured the participation of great performers, Mademoiselle Fel and Camargo herself, the greatest and undisputed stars of the time. The originality of the libretto is striking. There is no mythology, no shepherd goings-on, no love-story, and no endless display of high- flown sentiments or silliness either. The story of Don Quichotte was skilfully adapted by Favart from Volume II of the novel by Cervantes and deals with a cruel mystification that ends with the unintended apotheosis of the hero. The story-line is incisive, quick and ironic and there are events where all hell breaks loose. The whole work gives the impression of a series of unexpected events, hence the dizzying rhythm, skilfully interrupted by pauses occasioned by the sudden turn of events.

Boismortier reinforces the general mood delightfully, with an abundance of varied themes, skilful transitions from one scene to the next and a constant shifting between brief arias and recitatives, with sudden soaring poetic moments, as in the final Chaconne. Here Favart is a Feydeau who has read Clelie and Boismortier is a Rossini who knows the work of Perrault. In short, Don Quichotte is a very comic and true false ugly fairy-tale.

The Greatness of Don Quichotte

The confrontation of the two separate worlds to which the Duchess and Don Quichotte belong is a new idea in the context of the dramatic tradition of the period. Cynisicism is everywhere fashionable in the eighteenth century, turning grand principles and so-called noble sentiments into mockery. This tierce division between cynicism and idealism, where those who laugh at the expense of others are judges and executioners, remains of striking relevance today.

Constantly underlined in the libretto and the score, this conflict gives the work its genuine tension. In the face of the cruel mockery of the courtiers, among whom the Duchess and her lady-in-waiting Altisidore are prominent, and, by contrast, Sancho's self-indulgent awkwardness, Don Quichotte is astonishing in the relevance and profundity of his remarks. In this way his character is developed gradually during the course of the plot. At first amusing, he becomes charming, then turns into a truly admirable character and inspires a complete change of attitude from his persecutors. By honouring Don Quichotte in the final scene, they all praise the hero who remains true to his ideals and who alone, above all, gives reality to his dreams and brings magic to life.

The audience is invited to follow the same path, to decide whether Don Quichotte wins at the end or not: when the hero is honoured, the spectator may choose to see this final scene as yet another scheme set up by the Duchess or as the mysterious flight of the hero to the land of dreams. An open end of this kind makes of Don Quichotte a very modern work.

Synopsis

It was the custom for eighteenth century audiences to be given, as they entered the theatre, a libretto that would summarise the plot, and this tradition was certainly followed for the ballets-comiques. The following prologue should fulfil this purpose.

Prologue

Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, in the wanderings, happens to pass through the estate of the Duke and Duchess. The noble couple, enthusiastic readers of Cervantes, recognise them and plan a hoax at their expense. To this end they invent a plot in the purest tradition of chivalry, which turns into the grandest entertainment for themselves, their guests and their household. All this takes place while the valorous Don Quixote firmly believes that he is taking part in a true adventure. The sport takes place in the Duchess's theatre, decorated as the enchanted forest of the wizard Aspharador. The first trial for Don Quixote and his squire is to deliver from her bondage Altisidora, who is to be devoured by a monster. The young lady is determined to show that she can replace the famous Dulcinea of Toboso, Don Quixote's imagined lady (in fact a tavern girl), in the heart of the Knight of the Sorrowful Countenance, and resolves to achieve this before the end of the adventure.

Act I

The farce begins with the appearance of a monster, in fact two of the Duchess's valets grotesquely disguised. Don Quixote fights it and manages to kill it. Altidisora declares her gratitude, but, to her dismay, the Knight, his duty performed, can think of nothing but continuing his journey. To make him change his mind, she offers him entertainment in which dwellers in the enchanted forest, birds, dryads and satyrs appear.

Don Quixote is resolved to leave. Much to everyone's surprise it is Sancho who, relishing the wine and food offered, devises a solution to the predicament.

He seizes one of the Duchess's maids and declares her to be Dulcinea and when Don Quixote fails to recognise her, claims that this is the result of enchantment. The peasant-girl protests vigorously, but Altisidora and all the guests corroborate Sancho's tale, not without punishing him for making their life complicated. Indeed, by devising this new scheme, he forces them to improvise in a way they had not foreseen.

The Duke appears in the guise of Merlin, while the peasant-girl is discreetly removed. He indicates to Don Quixote that he will find Dulcinea in the cave of a certain Montesinos, where, as everyone knows, many famous lovers are kept under the spell of this hateful character. The Duke tells Don Quixote he must leave for this cave, in spite of all the dangers that may confront him. As for Sancho, he is condemned to receive a thousand strokes to undo the spell that made Dulcinea appear as a vulgar peasant-girl.

Act II

Having reached the cave, a new scene in the Duchess's theatre, Don Quixote declares his determination to brave whatever dangers he is about to face.

Altisidora joins him and attempts to dissuade him from pursuing such a purpose, claiming to be the Queen of Japan, who is madly in love with him. Don Quixote nobly declines her love and Altisidora goes away disappointed.

Don Quixote now fights successfully with a dwarf and a giant, both of them puppets. The mysterious cave now lies open before him. Montesinos welcomes him with a noble air, while the lovers, no longer spell-bound, rise from their long sleep to celebrate their deliverance in a series of dances.

Dulcinea, of course, is close at hand, still in the guise of a peasant-girl.

Merlin (the Duke) intervenes once more to explains this state of affairs: Sancho did not submit to the thousand strokes, so he must be beaten in public, a task undertaken with great delight by twelve devils.

Much to everyone's surprise the beating does not change the appearance of Dulcinea. Altisidora appears, a sorceress as much as the Queen of Japan, and claims that she has maintained the spell to punish Don Quixote for rejecting her. Furthermore, to demonstrate her might and her anger, she orders the devils to abduct Dulcinea and carry her to the faraway land of Japan, while changing Don Quixote into a bear and Sancho Panza into a monkey. They alone will still be able to recognise their true identities.

Act III

The guests pretend to see Sancho as a clever monkey and they all run away in horror when they hear the terrible growling of the bear, Don Quixote. Left alone, the two lament their predicament.

Altisidora, who has still failed to win the Knight's heart, risks a final attempt. She promises death, if he resolves to reject her. Don Quixote remains unmoved by her threats. She threatens to kill Dulcinea, but Don Quixote remains steadfast. Altisidora has lost. Appearing one more time in the guise of Merlin, the Duke announces the end of the game. Don Quixote has surprised everyone by his courage and steadfastness.

Caught in their own trap and seized by the emotions stirred by the character of Don Quixote, all join together to crown him King of Japan and, in a final divertissement, to see his apotheosis and flight for the land of his dreams.

Vincent Tavernier

(English translation by Michael Nafi)

Notes from the Conductor

The history of Le Concert Spirituel is in a sense intimately linked with Boismortier's Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse. In 1988 the French National Board of Museums invited me to find musical interludes for an exhibition of works by Fragonard. I immediately thought of this work by Boismortier.

Fragonard's illustrations for the first French edition of Cervantes' masterpiece is an example of the perfection of work of this master draughtsman. I brought together a number of musicians and singers for the performance at the Grand Palais Museum and this marked the rebirth of Le Concert Spirituel, which takes its name from one of the most important institutions of eighteenth century France.

For these performances I used a printed edition of Don Quichotte that was prepared by Boismortier himself for the general public. As is often the case with such editions, the only parts included were those of the solo vocal line, with basso continuo and first violin parts. I needed to find the full orchestral version written for the orchestra of the Royal Academy of Music, undoubtedly enriched with flute, oboe and bassoon parts, as well as the full and delightful combination of the haute-contre, taille and quinte violins, the hallmark of the French baroque sound. The manuscript was, in fact, lying in the library of the Paris National Opera. For remounting the work in its original version, adjustments had to be made to Boismortier's edition.

An eighteenth century critic said of "poor" Boismortier, that he could not develop a single musical idea. One might well wonder how he could, in view of the hundred ideas found on every page. He was, moreover, a particularly skilful theatre composer, and it would be impossible, even for a moment, to be bored, when each aria, short and brilliant, heralds another even more delightful.

Finally I should like to express my affection and admiration for Boismortier, with a wish that those who hear this recording will no longer think of him as a minor figure, a composer for the drawing-room.

I should also like to express my thanks to the Regional Council of Lorraine for its assistance in this adventurous and immensely pleasing project.

Herve Niquet

(Translation by Michael Nafi)

The distinctive signature of our Lorraine Region

Lorraine saw the birth of Callot, de la Tour and Claude Gellee. She inspired Barr�s. Peguy dedicated to her some of his finest pages and can we forget Alain-Fournier, who died for her? Whether it is because of the calm mists of early morning, or the lingering fog of November with its light and shade, the changing skies brought here by the ocean winds or the heat of July, whatever it is, Lorraine, with its golden heritage, its squares, the shade of its tall cathedrals, its valley or the dark groves of its great forests, produced and still produces some exceptional artistic talent.

The horrors of war ravaged the cities and countryside and had a long-lasting effect on the people and their land. They also forged a popular imagery long before the invention of comics; the Images Epinal from a print factory in the Vosges were sold by pedlars throughout France, to the same places where later, leaving Phalsbourg, Erckmann and Chatrian were to go. One must stop before Ligier-Richier and admire The Temptation of St Anthony by Callot or St John in the Desert by Georges de la Tour, remembering that people used to come from great distances to attend the funerals of the Dukes of Lorraine.

Now the musical heritage of Lorraine has something new to discover. It is to meet this demand that the Regional Council of Lorraine and Naxos have collaborated to produce this release, bringing to life again this musical history, of which Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse is a significant and striking example.

Gerard Longuet, President of the Regional Council of Lorraine

The Grande Salle of l'Arsenal de Metz

The recording of Joseph Bodin de Boismortier's comic ballet, Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse, by the Concert Spirituel took place in the Grande Salle of the Metz Arsenal. The Arsenal itself was refurbished in 1989 by Ricardo Bofill, providing one of the best auditoria in Europe, architecturally and acoustically.

The Grande Salle itself holds an audience of 1350, with seats surrounding the stage. The acoustic properties of the hall are helped by pediments, pilasters, wooden columns and panels of white beech and sycamore, carved and gold inlaid.

The Arsenal provides a venue suitable for many types of performance, including all forms of dance, and allows the most diverse audiences to see and hear some of the greatest artists in the world.

Stephan Van Dyck

The tenor Stephan Van Dyck began his musical career as a boy treble at the age of six, going on to study classical guitar, piano and singing. This last he continued at the Brussels Conservatoire, while graduating in musicology at the Brussels Universite Libre. He pursued his interest in baroque music further in Paris at the Studio Versailles Opera with Rene Jacobs and Rachel Yakar and at the Paris Conservatoire, where he won a first prize for baroque vocal performance in the class of William Christie. His career has brought collaboration with ensembles such as the Chapelle Royale, the Concert Spirituel, the Organum Ensemble, the Huelgas Ensemble, the Gilles Binchois Ensemble, the Talens Lyriques and Les Arts Florissants. In addition to concert and opera performance, Stephan Van Dyck has participated in a wide range of recordings of vocal music, ranging from the medieval to the classical. He teaches at the Academie de Nivelles, serves as a specialist in baroque vocal technique and performance at the Brussels Academie and is a lecturer at the Li�ge Conservatoire.

Richard Biren

The baritone Richard Biren began his training in drama at the Nice Conservatoire, pursuing this, together with his study of music, at the Paris Conservatoire. After a year of study at the Choral school of the Centre de Musique Baroque at Versailles, where he sang with such groups as Les Musiciens du Louvre, La Grande Ecurie et la Chambre du Roi, he became a regular member of a number of choral ensembles and more recently joined the The�tre Baroque de France, working under the guidance of Marie-Genevi�ve Masse, Philippe Lenzel and Ferrucio Soleri, training with this last in the techniques of the Commedia dell'Arte. His career has brought participation in a number of important festivals and parallel activity as an actor.

Meredith Hall

The Canadian soprano Meredith Hall was sole winner of the 1993 Sir Ernest MacMillan Memorial Foundation Award and after study at the University of Toronto with Mary Morrison, was given Canada Council funding for further study in London with Laura Sarti, Martin Isepp, Nigel Rogers, Evelyn Tubb and Emma Kirkby and with Rachel Yakar in Paris. Her career has brought performances and recordings in North America, in England and in France, in collaboration with groups of distinction, including The Musicians of the Globe Theatre, the Musiciens du Louvre, the Tafelmusik Baroque soloists, and recordings on both sides of the Atlantic, with a series of r�les ranging from Vita Mondana and Beata Anima in

Il representatione di anima e di corpo to Cupid in Purcell's King Arthur and Papagena in Die Zauberflote.

Paul Gay

While studying literature at the Sorbonne, the baritone Paul Gay began to sing with the Ensemble Bach in Paris and in 1991 entered the class of Robert Dume at the Paris Conservatoire, also studying with Kurt Mon at the Cologne Musikhochschule, as wen as with Paul von Schillawsky, Waltraud Meier and Sena Jurinac. Ris operatic r�les have included Colas in Mozart's Bastien et Bastienne, Bartolo in Le nozze di Figaro at the The�tre du Ch�telet, Achisin Marc-Antoine Charpentier's David et Jonathas under William Christie at the Festival d'Ambronnay, Figaro in the Opera Voix Nouvenesin Lyon and the title r�le in Don Giovanni with the same company. He has an active concert career in music ranging from Bach to Berio.

Le Concert Spirituel Herve Niquet, conductor

Le Concert Spirituel was established in 1725 by Anne Danican Philidor and was the first concert organization in France, specialising in the performance of French Grands Motets by composers such as Gilles, Campra, Mondonville and Rameau. The concerts were given in the Salle des Cent Suisses in the Palace of the Tuileries in Paris, but came to an end with the French Revolution in 1791.

In 1988 Herve Niquet, one of the leading specialists in France in baroque music, decided to revive the Concert Spirituel in order to explore again the repertoire of music originally composed for this purpose in the eighteenth century. Since then the Concert Spirituel has given performances in the principal cities and festivals of Europe and has issued a number of recordings that have received critical acclaim in the international press.

Disc 1

Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse (Don Quixote at the Duchess')

(more info)

Composed by: Joseph Bodin de Boismortier
Conducted by: Herve Niquet
Richard Biren, baritone
Paul Gay, bass-baritone
Stephan Van Dyck, tenor
Meredith Hall, soprano
Recording date: 6-7 June 1996
Produced by: Daigremont, Dominique
Produced by: Fox, Simon

Act 1: Overture - 2:02
Act 1: Chasse au monstre (Hunting the Monster) - 2:09
Act 1: Air de Don Quichotte (Don Quixote's Air) - 1:26
Act 1: Air de Sancho (Sancho's Air) - 1:33
Act 1: Marche - 1:39
Act 1: Menuets I et II - 1:13
Act 1: Air pour les patres (Shepherds' Air) - 1:07
Act 1: Tambourins I et II - 1:26
Act 1: Scene de la paysanne (Peasant Girl's Scene) - 3:01
Act 1: Merlin l'enchanteour (Merlin the Magician) - 1:35
Act 1: Ouverture - 2:11
Act 2: La caverne de Montesinos (The Cave of Montesinos) - 2:42
Act 2: Depit de Sancho (Sancho's Troubles) - 1:24
Act 2: Air pour charmer (Air of Enchantment) - 1:25
Act 2: Air de la colere (Angry Air) - 0:54
Act 2: Lutte avec le geant (Struggle with the Giant) - 1:22
Act 2: Air pur le desenchantment (Air to Break the Spell) - 0:31
Act 2: Air de Montesinos (Air of Montesinos) - 1:07
Act 2: Air pour les amants desenchantes (Air for Disenchanted Lovers) - 1:54
Act 2: Divertissement - 4:36
Act 2: Ch�ur des demons (Chorus of Demons) - 1:07
Act 2: Transport de Dulcinee (Dulcinea Transported) - 1:45
Act 3: Le gentil Sapajou (The Gentle Sapajou) - 1:57
Act 3: Air epagnol (Spanish Air) - 1:41
Act 3: Entree d'Altisidore (Altisidore's Entrance) - 2:18
Act 3: Retour de Merlin (Merlin's Return) - 2:22
Act 3: L'infante du Congo (The Infanta from the Congo) - 1:25
Act 3: Air d'Altisidore (Altisidore's Air) - 0:36
Act 3: Ch�ur des Japonais (Chorus of Japanese) - 1:32
Act 3: Marche et air pour le Japon (Japanese March and Air) - 3:12
Act 3: Air de la Japonaise (Japanese Woman's Air) - 3:04
Act 3: Chaconne - 4:25

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Composer(s):
Boismortier, Joseph Bodin de

Conductor(s):
Niquet, Herve

Artist(s):
Biren, Richard; Gay, Paul; Hall, Meredith; Van Dyck, Stephan

Label: Naxos Classics
UPC: 730099464727
Item Number: 8553647
Release Date: Dec 17, 1996