Dmitry Borisovich
Kabalevsky (1904-1987)
Cello Concerto No.1
in G minor, Op. 49
Cello Concerto No.2
in G major, Op. 77
Symphonic Poem:
Spring, Op.65 (Vesna)
The son of a
mathematician, Dmitry Borisovich Kabalevsky was born in St Petersburg in 1904 and was
intended by his father for some similar vocation to his own. Kabalevsky,
however, showed considerable artistic promise, whether as pianist, poet or
painter. After the Bolshevik Revolution he moved with his family to Moscow, where he continued
his general education, while studying painting and, at the Scriabin Musical
Institute, the piano. It was his interest in the latter and his obvious
proficiency that led him to reject the course that his father had proposed at
the Engels Socio-Economic Science Institute in 1922, and to turn instead to the
piano, teaching, playing, like Shostakovich, in cinemas, and now beginning to
compose. In 1925 he entered the Moscow Conservatory, resolved to further his
interest in pedagogical music. Here he studied first with the leading theorist Georgy
Catoire and then with Prokofiev's friend and mentor, the composer Myaskovsky.
At the same time he became increasingly known for his writing on musical
subjects, notably in the Association of Contemporary Music Journal, although he
was careful not to distance himself from the much more musically conservative
and politically orientated Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians. While
the former espoused progressive forms of music that might, nevertheless, suit
the principles of Socialist Realism, the latter favoured a simpler and more
popular form of music that might be understood by the people.
In 1932 Kabalevsky
became involved in the Moscow organisation and activities of the now
established Union of Soviet Composers that replaced the earlier groupings,
although, over the years, the leadership, like that of the Association of
Proletarian Musicians, came to lack musical credibility, whatever its political
correctness. He worked for the state music-publishing house and taught composition
at the Moscow Conservatory, while continuing to write a large quantity of
music. Although, like others of his generation, he supported the general
principles of the Revolution, it was not until 1940 that he became a Communist
Party member, continuing during the Great Patriotic War to write music likely
to instil feelings of patriotism and help the war effort.
Problems arose for
many Soviet composers in 1948. Already in 1936 Shostakovich had suffered the
condemnation of his apparently socialist opera A Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk
District, stigmatized by Stalin as chaos instead of music. 1948 brought
official condemnation of formalism, a charge levelled against Shostakovich and
Prokofiev by name, at the head of a list of those proscribed. Kabalevsky
succeeded in having his own name removed from the list and replaced by that of
another composer, although he might have seemed to some extent implicated by
his earlier association with the organising committee of the Composers' Union, the Orgkomitet,
which earned particular criticism. His future compositions, however, proved
acceptable and he continued his work as an educator, composer, administrator
and writer, retaining favour with the authorities, while treated with obvious
suspicion by distinguished composers now in a more precarious position. He died
in 1987, and while due respect is given to his music, there are those who have,
since then, found an opportunity to speak openly of what they have regarded as
a combination of insincerity and self-interest, in the very difficult
circumstances of the time.
Kabalevsky wrote his Cello
Concerto in G minor, Opus 49, in the years 1948 and 1949, one of a
group of such concertos in these years that was designed for young performers.
He dedicated the work to the cellist Svyatoslav Knushevitsky. The opening Allegro
starts with a brief plucked string introduction, before the entry of the
soloist, whose theme is echoed by the clarinet. It is primarily left to the
strings, at first, to accompany the singing second subject, which opens in C
major. These elements provide material for further development, leading to
fiercely energetic cadenza, after which the second theme returns with the full
orchestra, followed by the soloist, now with clarinet accompaniment. The movement
ends with a reminiscence of the first subject. The B major slow movement starts
with the repeated rhythms of muted string chords, over which the soloist
emerges to contradict the major mode that the orchestra has proposed. There is
a cadenza, before the hushed ending of the movement. After this the clarinet
provides a link to the solo entry that follows shortly after in the last
movement. The very Russian melodic material is introduced by the soloist and
there is a later more lyrical melody, a chance for an element of virtuoso
display, a brief cadenza and a triumphantly optimistic conclusion.
Kabalevsky's Cello
Concerto No.2 in G major, Opus 77, was completed in 1964 and
dedicated to the cellist Daniil Shafran. Scored for a larger orchestra than the
earlier work and now including an alto saxophone, double bassoon and harp, the
concerto is in three linked movements, with cadenzas between the first and
second and the second and third. The first movement opens in a sombre and
mysterious mood, the principal theme appearing in the plucked notes of the solo
cello, before the material is allowed to emerge in the sustained bowed notes of
the instrument. This is followed by the vigorous impetus of the Allegro molto
e energico, which itself eventually relaxes into the returning Molto sostenuto,
in music of heartfelt intensity, subsiding into the cadenza, with its first
plucked notes, a reflection of what has passed. There is a fiercely energetic
opening to the second movement, although here there are moments when it seems
the solo!st might briefly draw breath, as the music continues its headlong
course. A second cadenza, preceded by strident wind chords, provides a bridge
to the last movement, with the help of the orchestra. It is the unaccompanied
instrument, slowing now to Molto sostenuto, that leads more gently to a
lyrical Andante con moto, in a movement that has at its centre a section
of excited intensity. Serenity returns, before a further outburst and a deeply
felt conclusion that establishes the nominal mode of the concerto.
The symphonic poem Spring
(Vesna) was completed in 1960, moving, as the ice melts, into a lyrical
waltz. The work is in marked contrast to the second of the cello concertos,
exploring a much lighter and more purely romantic vein, although the season
brings moments of occasional poignancy, as nature gradually wakens.