Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Bagatelles and Dances, Volume 3 Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn in 1770, the son of a singer in the chapel of the...
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Bagatelles and Dances,
Volume 3
Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn in
1770, the son of a singer in the chapel of the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne,
of which his grandfather had been Kapellmeister. In due course Beethoven
followed family example and entered the service of the court, as a keyboard-
and string-player, to be sent by the Archbishop to Vienna for lessons with
Mozart, but recalled to Bonn by the illness of his mother. At her death he
assumed responsibility for his two younger brothers, through the inadequacy of
his father, now pensioned off by the court.
In 1792 Beethoven returned to Vienna for
lessons, at first, with Haydn, whom he had met in Bonn. He profited more,
however, from lessons in counterpoint with Albrechtsberger and from the
introductions he brought with him from Bonn, which ensured a favourable
reception from leading members of the nobility. His patrons, over the years,
acted towards him with extraordinary forbearance and generosity, tolerating his
increasing eccentricities. These were accentuated by his increasing deafness
from the turn of the century and the necessity of abandoning his career as a
virtuoso pianist in favour of a concentration on composition.
During the following 25 years Beethoven
developed his powers as a composer. His early compositions had reflected the
influences of the age, but in the new century he began to enlarge the inherent
possibilities of classical forms, experimenting with new forms of orchestral
and keyboard music that offered a challenge to the succeeding generation, after
his death in 1827.
The Rondo a Capriccio in G major, Opus
129, published only after Beethoven' s death, bore the title, in the hand
of the composer's unpaid and sometimes unreliable assistant Anton Schindler, Die
Wuth über den verloren Groschen, ausgetobt in einer Caprice (The rage over
the lost penny, worked off in a caprice).
Beethoven's own title was Alla
ingharese quasi un capriccio (In Hungarian style, as a caprice). Written
between 1795 and 1798, the rondo, after its very familiar principal theme,
includes episodes in G minor and E major and considerable development of the
first theme and was completed for publication by an unknown arranger after the
composer's death.
Beethoven had come to Vienna armed with
recommendations to various member of the nobility from Count Waldstein, a
particularly well-connected nobleman who had been inducted into the Teutonic
Order in Bonn and was on close terms with the Archbishop-Elector 1804 brought
the composition of the work that bears Waldstein's name, the Sonata in C
major, Opus 53, the Waldstein Sonata. According to Beethoven's
pupil Ferdinand Ries, the son of a former musician colleague in Bonn, someone
suggested that the sonata with its original slow movement was too long, a
notion that Beethoven at first rejected but subsequently accepted. As a result
the Andante in F major, WoO 57, was replaced by a much shorter Introduction
to the final rondo of the sonata. Ries tells how he heard Beethoven play the
Andante and how he repeated what he remembered of it to Prince
Lichnowsky. The latter, on a visit to Beethoven, played a joke on him by
claiming to have written a new composition and then playing to him what he had
heard of Beethoven's original Andante. After this Ries claims that he
himself was excluded from any private hearing of Beethoven's new compositions.
The movement is mentioned in the spring of 1805 in letters from Beethoven to
Countess Josephine Deym (nee Brunsvik), his former pupil, at a time when their
relationship was giving her sisters some cause for anxiety. With the first of
two letters Beethoven sends her a work he describes as 'your Andante' and 'the
sonata', and in the second asks for the Andante and two songs he had
sent her back again. The request seems explained by a note to Ries asking him
to make a quick copy of 'this Andante' , possibly the same movement. It
was, in any case, published in September of that year and frequently performed
by the composer, to whose style of performance it was well suited, with its
singing principal melody.
Dance music for balls in Vienna was often
provided by major composers. This, after all, had been Mozart's only official
function at the court of Joseph II, and in 1792 Haydn had provided a set of dances
for the Artists' Society Ball. Between 1795 and 1797 in particular Beethoven
contributed his own sets of dances for various groups of instruments, some of
which have survived in piano versions made by the composer, a useful addition
to domestic repertoire of the time. The Deutsche (German Dance) was a
forerunner of the waltz, a dance that gradually assumed popularity and even a
degree of sophistication in the new century.
Beethoven's Rondo in C major,
Opus 51, No.1, was written in 1796 and published by Artaria in the
following year. Marked Moderato e grazioso, it offers a principal theme
in characteristic singing style, contrasted in particular with a more dramatic
C minor episode, after which the main theme returns in various guises. The Rondo
in G major, Opus 51, No.2, was written in 1798 and published
in 1802 with a dedication to Countess Henriette von Lichnowsky, sister of the
composer's patron, The work had apparently been given first to Countess Julia
Guicciardi, a young cousin of Countess Josephine Deym, but exchanged for the Moonlight
Sonata, dedicated to the former in 1802. With the opening direction Andante
cantabile e grazioso, the rondo contains an E major episode of greater
brilliance and further contrast before the final varied return of the main
theme. The Rondo in A major, WoO 49, was written in 1783, when Beethoven
was twelve, and was published in Neue Blumenlese für Klavierliebhaber in
1784. It is, as might be expected, in a much simpler style and includes a
chance for some youthful display in its second, D major episode.
Beethoven wrote his set of Twelve
Minuets, WoO 7, for performance at the ball of the Artists' Society on
22"' November 1795 and Artaria published the dances in a version for the
piano in the same year. In their orchestral version they were played in the
smaller ball-room of the Redoutensaal, while Mozart's pupil Süssmayr provided
the dance music for the larger room. The commission for music for this occasion
is evidence of the high standing which Beethoven already had in Vienna after
only three years in the city.
Keith Anderson
Jeno Jando
The Hungarian pianist Jeno Jando has won
a number of piano competitions in Hungary and abroad, including first prize in
the 1973 Hungarian Piano Concours and a first prize in the chamber music
category at the Sydney International Piano Competition in 1977. He has recorded
for Naxos all the piano concertos and sonatas of Mozart. Other recordings for
the Naxos label include the concertos of Grieg and Schumann as well as
Rachmaninov's Second Concerto and Paganini Rhapsody and Beethoven's complete
piano sonatas.