Alexander Konstaninovich Glazunov (1865-1936) Concerto Ballata, Op. 108; Chant du menestrel, Op. 71 Two Pieces for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 20 A la memoire...
Alexander
Konstaninovich Glazunov (1865-1936)
Concerto Ballata, Op.
108; Chant du menestrel, Op. 71
Two Pieces for Cello
and Orchestra, Op. 20
A la memoire de Gogol,
Op. 87; Ala memoire d'un heros, Op. 8
It is becoming increasingly unnecessary to defend the reputation of
Glazunov. He belonged to a generation of Russian composers that was able to
benefit from more professional standards of compositional technique, absorbing
and helping to create a synthesis of the national, that might sometimes be
expressed crudely enough, and the technique of the conservatories, that might
sometimes seem facile. Glazunov worked closely with Rimsky-Korsakov, to whom
Balakirev, his mother's teacher, had recommended him, and played an important
part in the education of a new generation of Russian composers such as
Shostakovich.
Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov was born in St Petersburg in 1865,
the son of a publisher and bookseller. As a child he showed considerable
musical ability and in 1879 met Balakirev and hence Rimsky-Korsakov. By the age
of sixteen he had finished the first of his nine symphonies, which was
performed under the direction of Balakirev , whose influence is perceptible in
the work. The relationship with Balakirev was not to continue. The rich
timber-merchant Mitrofan Petrovich Belyayev had been present at the first
performance of the symphony and travelled to Moscow to hear Rimsky-Korsakov
conduct a second performance there. He attended the Moscow rehearsals and his
meeting with Rimsky-Korsakov was the beginning of a new informal association of
Russian composers, perceived by Balakirev as a threat to his own position and
influence, as self-appointed mentor of the Russian nationalist composers.
Glazunov became part of Belyayev's circle, attending his Friday evenings with
Rimsky-Korsakov, rather than Balakirev's Tuesday evening meetings. Belyayev
took Glazunov, in 1884, to meet Liszt in Weimar, where the First Symphony was
performed.
In 1899 Glazunov joined the staff of the Conservatory in St Petersburg,
but by this time his admiration for his teacher seems to have cooled.
Rimsky-Korsakov's wife was later to remark on Glazunov's admiration for
Tchaikovsky and Brahms, suspecting in this the influence of Taneyev and of the
critic Laroche, champion of Tchaikovsky and a strong opponent of the
nationalists, a man described by Rimsky-Korsakov as the Russian equivalent of
Hanslick in Vienna, a comparison that, from him, was not entirely
complimentary.
Glazunov, however, remained a colleague and friend of Rimsky-Korsakov,
and demonstrated this after the political disturbance of 1905, when the latter
had signed a letter of protest at the suppression of some element of democracy
in Russia and had openly sympathized with Conservatory students who had joined
liberal protests against official policies. Rimsky-Korsakov was dismissed from
the Conservatory, to be reinstated by Glazunov, elected director of an
institution that, in the aftermath, had now won a measure of autonomy. Glazunov
remained director of the Conservatory unti11930.
It says much for the esteem in which Glazunov was held that he was able
to steer the Conservatory through years of great hardship, difficulty and
political turmoil, fortified in his task, it seems, by the illicit supply of
vodka provided for him by the father of Shostakovich, then a student there.
Emaciated through the years of privation after the Revolution, he eventually
assumed a more substantial appearance again, compared by the English press to a
retired tea-planter or a prosperous bank-manager, with his rimless glasses and
gold watch-chain. His appearance was in accordance with his musical tastes. He found fault with
Stravinsky's ear and could not abide the music of Richard Strauss, while the
student Prokofiev seems to have shocked him with the discords of his Scythian
Suite. His own music continued the tradition of Tchaikovsky and to this
extent seemed an anachronism in an age when composers were indulging in
experiments of all kinds.
Rimsky-Korsakov left a
brief description of the first performance of Glazunov's First Symphony, the
rejoicing of younger Russian composers and the grumbling of Stasov, the
literary guide of the Five, disapproving, no doubt, of such a foreign form, and
then the surprise of the audience when a school-boy came out to acknowledge the
applause. There were those prepared to hint that the symphony, dedicated to
Rimsky-Korsakov, had been written by another musician, hired for the purpose by
Glazunov's parents. Rumours of this kind were contradicted by the works that followed.
Belyayev arranged for publication of the symphony in Leipzig, and this marked
the beginning of the Belyayev publishing enterprise that proved so helpful to
Russian composers thus able to benefit from international copyright agreements.
The work marked the beginning of what promised to be a remarkable career.
Glazunov left Russia
in 1928 in order to attend the Schubert celebrations in Vienna. Thereafter he
remained abroad, with a busy round of engagements as a conductor, finally
settling in Paris in 1932 until his death four years later. The Concerto
Ballata was written in 1931, three years before his Saxophone Concerto and
is dedicated to Pablo Casals. It is introduced by the cello alone, leading the
narrative until a passage of orchestral excitement intervenes, with an Elgarian
melody of descending sequences for the soloist, echoed by the orchestra in some
agitation. Elements of the opening are followed by an A flat major passage
marked Tranquillo, followed by an Adagio, quasi ballata, as the
tale unwinds. A C minor cadenza allows the cello to continue the story, finally
in terms of great simplicity, before another, longer cadenza. There follows an Allegro
marciale, then an Allegretto scherzando, which breaks off. The final
section follows, with an air of defiant optimism, its final section accompanied
by the cello in continued double-stopping, ending a work of sure and skilled
craftsmanship.
The Chant du
menestrel ('Minstrel's Song') was written in 1900, a poignant minstrel's
song, with a change of mood in the central section, before the woodwind returns
with the first melody. The Two Pieces for cello and orchestra are still
earlier, dating from 1887 and 1888. The Melodie is delicately
orchestrated, always giving due prominence to the cello melody-line. The Serenade
espagnole ('Spanish Serenade') makes use of a harp and plucked strings in
its orchestration, an accomplished Russian evocation of Spain, perhaps a
recollection of Glazunov's visit to that country with Belyayev in 1884.
Glazunov's tribute to
Gogol is described as a symphonic prologue and was written in 1909, the
centenary of the writer's birth. It opens in sombre Russian style, before
moving into a mood of more tender recollection, with a final hymn to form the
substance of the grandiose closing section. The homage to an anonymous hero was
written in 1885, when the composer was twenty, and has the sub-title Elegie.
It takes a generally elegiac course, with Russian thematic material, from
its opening in C sharp minor and motivic development in assured counterpoint
until its final mood of calm optimism. The whole work is a demonstration of
Glazunov's early mastery of the techniques of composition and his natural use
of Russian melody.
Keith Anderson