Franz Liszt (1811-1886) Complete Piano Music, Volume 7 "The truly great have always been cosmopolitan: this is especially true in the language of music - a...
Franz Liszt
(1811-1886)
Complete Piano Music,
Volume 7
"The truly great have
always been cosmopolitan: this is especially true in the language of music - a
world language which all people understand. Liszt speaks this international
language of music, with his own individual accent, of course. It was often said
of him that he was too French for the Germans and too German for the
Hungarians. Liszt's great gift was his genius for works of a stature in which
the national coloring of all countries was served."
Arthur Friedheim (1859-1932), German pianist,
conductor, composer and pupil of Liszt. Franz Liszt first met Gioacchino
Rossini in Vienna in 1822. In that extraordinary and musical city, Liszt took
lessons from Antonio Salieri (who taught him figured bass, score-reading,
composition, and singing) and Carl Czerny (who became his primary piano
teacher). By September/October of 1822 Liszt appeared in Viennese aristocratic
circles and performed at several private concerts. On December 1st, the
eleven-year-old Liszt gave a major public concert at the Landesstandischer Saal
in Vienna. He performed Hummel's Piano Concerto in A minor, and
improvised on a theme from Beethoven's Septet and on an aria from
Rossini's Zelmira. Eight days later (this time in Vienna's Karntnerthortheater)
he performed the rondo from Ferdinand Ries's Concerto in E flat.
Rossini was no
stranger to Vienna. Many of his operas received performances there. L'inganno
felice and Tancredi had been heard in 1816; Giro in Babilonia and
L 'italiana in Algeri in 1817; Demetrio e Polibio and Elisabetta,
regina d'Inghilterra in 1818; and Il barbiere di Siviglia, Otello (in
German), La gazza ladra, and Ricciardo e Zoraide (in German) in
1819. The following year, 1820, Torvaldo e Dorliska and La cenerentola
(in German) were performed; and then, in 1821, Mose in Egitto and Edoardo
e Cristina (in German) were also performed. From April 13th to July 8th of
1822, Vienna became virtually a Rossini festival. The performances at the
Karntnerthortheater were an affirmation of the growing popularity and success
that Rossini had experienced over the last five years. Although the opera
season had occupied Rossini, he did attend other functions and concerts. Many
years later he wrote to Franz Liszt: "It was at Vienna in 1822 that I
began to love and admire you... The years which have passed since then have
served but to increase the affection I feel for you."
Rossini's popularity
was not lost on the young Liszt. Two years later, in 1824, he wrote a set of
seven variations on a theme from Rossini's Ermione. It was published in
Paris and London as Liszt's Opus 2! Liszt's Opus 3 (published in 1825 in
Vienna) was the Impromptu brillant sur des thèmes de Rossini et Spontini. In
1836 Liszt once again took Rossini's themes as inspiration for two large-scale
works: Grande fantaisie sur des motifs de Soirees Musicales (based on La
serenata and L'orgia) and Deuxieme fantaise sur des motifs des
Soirees Musicales (based on La pastorella dell'Alpi and Li
marinari). These were published by Schott at Mainz in 1837. A year later,
Liszt published a set of twelve Rossini song transcriptions entitled Soirees
Musicales (S424/R236). The inspiration for these was a set of eight
ariettas and four duets published by Rossini in 1835. The original texts by
Metastasio and Count Carlo Pepoli, as well as the original piano accompaniments
by Rossini are characterized by great simplicity. After composing the two
"grande fantaisies" Liszt, too, adopted a more intimate approach for
these twelve song transcriptions. He adhered with greater fidelity to Rossini's
simpler, melodic style here, artfully combining the vocal lines with the piano
parts.
It is not clear why
Liszt chose to re-order Rossini's twelve pieces when publishing his
transcriptions. Only the first and last pieces are in their original places.
The first piece in Liszt's set is La promessa ('The promise'). As with
the rest of the set, Liszt chose to combine the original piano part with the
vocal line. At the climax of the piece, Liszt provided a cadenza. The next
piece is La regata veneziana ('The Venice Regatta'). It is a brilliant
piano part with two vocal lines; in the Rossini original it is a duet for
sopranos. This allowed Liszt more flexibility to create a virtuosic
transcription with passages in thirds and chords and fast arpeggio ornaments.
Although La regata veneziana is subtitled "notturno", we
should not be mislead into believing it to be a "nocturne" of the
type Chopin would write. Notturno is simply used by Rossini to indicate a piece
of music for use at night or on a nocturnal subject.
L'invito ('The Invitation') is a bolero in rondo form.
In Liszt's hands the final return of the theme turns into an authentic
polonaise. The piece has a sweet, almost sensual character, with an enticing
smile from beginning to end. In La gita in gondola ('A Gondola
Excursion') Liszt only used one of the two original Rossini strophes. The
simple melody and typically Italianate piano accompaniment was only slightly
embellished by Liszt. Il rimprovero ('The Reproach') is one of eleven
settings by Rossini of Metastasio's poem. Liszt's arrangement is captivating
and gently melancholic. The cadenza and fanciful variations make this
transcription one of the best in the set.
La pastorella
dell'Alpi ('The Shepherdess of
the Alps') was the focus of Liszt's second grand fantasy. However, in this more
restrained transcription, he did little to alter Rossini's piece, which is a
stylized musical setting of the Tyrolean yodel. La partenza ('The
Departure') is another, almost literal transcription by Liszt. Although Liszt
resisted musical embroidery here, the use of the left hand to bring out the
melody is quite beautiful. La pesca ('Fishing') is once again, more or
less, a straight forward transcription by Liszt. He did, however, give
prominence to both voices in the original Rossini duet. La danza ('The
Dance') is a tarantella with sweeping momentum. Musicologist Riccardo Risaliti
calls this piece "Pianistically felicitous: a transcription which is
almost a paraphrase... Allegro con brio in Rossini becomes with Liszt a Presto
brillante, almost a double note study." La danza became one of
Rossini's most popular pieces and a symbol of the passionate lust for life of
the Italians.
La serenata ('The Serenade') is almost identical to Liszt's
treatment of this song in his first Grande Fantaisie. This transcription
is a bit more sonorous as a result of the doublings in the bass and in the
melody. L'orgia ('The Orgy') is almost identical to Liszt's
transcription of this song as part of the fabric of the first Grande
Fantaisie. The final piece in the set is Li marinari ('The
Sailors'). In Rossini's original it is a duet for tenor and bass. In Liszt's
hands, this is perhaps the most profound transcription of the twelve. Liszt
created a miniature tone poem by using gloomy, dark tones to depict the
menacing storm at sea and the audacious life-and-death struggle of the sailors.
The serene and joyful "calm after the storm" that follows makes this
an extraordinary piece of piano writing.
Rossini composed William
Tell under the immediate influence of Beethoven's scores which he was
studying at the time. His choice of subject was the result of his contact with
Schiller's plays, which were then becoming available in French translations (Guillaume
Tell). In William Tell, Rossini combined elements of opera seria,
French revolutionary opera, and opera buffa, with those of the music drama and
grand opera of the future. It had a tremendous influence on Meyerbeer. Since
Meyerbeer was an important precursor of both Wagner and Verdi, the significance
of Rossini's last theatrical work cannot be overestimated. From the day of its
première, August 3, 1829, Paris, the opera has been much more successful with
critics and scholars than with the public at large. The overture, however,
became an instant hit. It is an excellent piece of programmatic music. It
suggests a sunrise and a storm in the Swiss Alps, includes a shepherd song and
rustic dance, and ends with a highly effective march. In popular culture, it
became the musical theme of "The Lone Ranger" on radio, television
and movies. Liszt composed his piano transcription of Rossini's masterpiece in
1838. It was published by Scholl in 1842. In his transcription, Liszt was
faithful to the original score. What is astonishing is that he was able to
render every orchestral part, every instrument, on the keyboard. He succeeded
in reproducing the symphonic effects with pianistic ones. It is, therefore, an
extremely difficult transcription to perform, and one that makes for
adrenaline-filled listening. It was a concert favorite of Liszt's. After Liszt
performed this work in London in 1840, The Times reported. "The
overture to William Tell, brought all the performer's power at once into
action. In this overture, Liszt with exquisite taste and tact confined his
additions to the harmonies; and though this composition is probably one of the
fullest scores that Rossini ever wrote, yet the most complete orchestra by
which we have ever heard it performed never produced a more powerful effect,
and certainly was very far behind Liszt in spirit and unity of execution. How
all this is accomplished with ten fingers we confess ourselves unable to guess;
and even could description convey any idea of Liszt's performance, its possibility
would still appear incredible, except to those who heard it."
© 1997 Victor and Marina A. Ledin, Encore
Consultants
Kemal Gekić
Born in Split on the
Dalmatian coast of Yugoslavia in 1962, Kemal Gekić could already pick out
accurate melodies on the piano at age one and a half. He received his early
musical training from his aunt, Prof. Lorenza Batturina, and in 1978 entered the
class of Prof. Jokuthon Mihailovic (a graduate of the Moscow Conservatory) at
the Art Academy of Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. He earned the highest mark ever
granted a diploma exam recital in 1982, and was immediately appointed to the
faculty of the piano department which he now directs.
In 1985 he created a
sensation at the Chopin Competition in Warsaw, where his individual,
spectacular playing provoked a mixed response from the conservative members of
the jury but won the hearts of audience and critics alike. He subsequently
began performing extensively throughout Europe, the Middle East, Canada, the
USSR, Japan, the Southeast Rim and, of course, Yugoslavia, with broadcasts on
RAI Italy, TV Portugal, RTV Lower Saxony West Germany, Intervision, POLTEL
Poland, RTV USSR, TV Yugoslavia, Egyptian TV, Radio Canada and NHK Japan. In
1988 history repeated itself when Gekić was eliminated from the Montreal
International Competition after the semifinals. Public indignation reached such
fervour that fans organized a sell-out protest recital and awarded him the
proceeds as a Peoples' Prize. During the early 1990's Gekić went into
seclusion for a further period of intensive study, seeking even higher levels
of perfection in his art. Since 1996, Gekić has toured Japan, Germany,
Canada and the USA as well as appearances in Copenhagen, Paris, Zagreb, Belgrade
and other major cities.