Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Ouverture (Suite) No. 1 in C major, BWV 1066 Ouverture (Suite) No. 2 in B minor, BWV 1067 Ouverture (Suite) No. 3 in D...
Johann Sebastian Bach
(1685-1750)
Ouverture (Suite) No.
1 in C major, BWV 1066
Ouverture (Suite) No.
2 in B minor, BWV 1067
Ouverture (Suite) No.
3 in D major, BWV 1068
Ouverture (Suite) No.
4 in D major, BWV 1069
Bach's early career
was as an organist and as an expert on the construction of the instrument. In
1717, however, he moved to Cothen as Kapellmeister to Prince Leopold of
Anhalt-Coethen and there was able to devote more time to the composition and
performance of instrumental music, largely through the Pietist leanings of the
court and a consequent diminution of church music. It seems probable that the
first and fourth of the four orchestral suites or Ouvertures were written
during this period. It has been suggested that the second and third were written
during Bach's final period of 27 years in Leipzig. While his official
responsibilities there were with church music, he was involved too with the
secular repertoire of the University Collegium Musicum, founded by Telemann.
The two suites may well have been written for that ensemble and it has been
suggested that the flute part of the second suite was designed for the French
flautist Buffardin, who had met Bach's younger brother in Constantinople and
was, in any case, employed in Dresden at the court of Augustus II, overlord of
Leipzig.
The first Ouverture
or Suite, in the key of C major, is scored for two oboes, bassoon,
strings and continuo. The opening Ouverture, in French style, follows
the strongly marked rhythm of the introduction with the customary fugue, in
which the solo woodwind instruments have their own moments of solitary
prominence, in contrast to the strings and continuo. The first of the dances is
a Courante, not paired, as it usually is, with an Allemande. Of
the following dances, which include an example of the less usual Italian
forlana, adopted into the French court tradition, four are played
alternatively, with a second dance framed by a repetition of the first of the
pair. The second Gavotte allows a fuller part to the solo woodwind
instruments, while the second Menuet is for strings and continuo and the
second Bourree for wind only. The Suite ends with two Passepieds,
a faster version of the Minuet, with rhythmic features that had, by
the eighteenth century, become characteristic.
Suite No. 2 in B minor is very much in the
French style, as were many compositions of this kind in Germany in the first
half of the eighteenth century, when French national taste predominated. The Ouverture
is in the style developed under Lully in France, a solemn introduction in
marked rhythm leading to a more rapid fugal section, ending with a return to
the solemnity of the opening. A lively Rondeau follows and a stately Sarabande.
The two Bourrees are played in alternation, followed by a
Polonaise and succeeding variation by the flute. The Suite ends with
a Minuet and a Badinerie, a light-hearted and brilliant
conclusion.
Suite No. 3 in D major is scored for three trumpets, timpani and
oboes, with the usual strings and continuo. The opening French Ouverture, with
its characteristic solemn introduction and following fugue is followed by an Air,
played by strings and continuo, a movement later popularised in an
arrangement by the nineteenth century violinist August Wilhelmj as Air on
the G string which in its original form it is certainly not. The pair of Gavottes
are played in alternation, followed by a Bourree and a lively Gigue,
the most frequent conclusion to any set of dances.
The fourth of Bach's
orchestral Suites, also in the key of D major, is scored for three
trumpets and timpani, three oboes, bassoon, strings and continuo. After the compound
rhythm of the fugal section of the Ouverture and a return to the
slower music of the opening comes a pair of Bourrees, played in
alternation, a Gavotte, and a pair of Menuets, with the second
played by strings and continuo alone. The Suite ends with a cheerful
movement bearing the title Rejouissance, which proclaims both its
character and the French provenance of the whole form, adopted and translated
by Bach into suitable German musical terms.