Witold Lutoslawski (1913-1994)
Orchestral Works, Vol. 8
It might seem tempting to describe the works included in
this eighth volume of the orchestral music of Witold Lutoslawski as
representing the lighter side of his composing. In fact each of the five works
has a significant place within his overall output. Dance Preludes is a pendant
to the Concerto for Orchestra [Naxos 8.553779], the climax of a phase in which
Lutoslawski's work was - indeed, had to be - centred on folk music. The Double
Concerto and, in its more restricted way, Grave resolve many of the compositional
questions that the composer had been wrestling with during the 1970s, making
possible the impressive span of the Third Symphony [Naxos 8.553423]. After that
work, Lutoslawski sought new ways of establishing coherence in his music -
Chain 1 being the first of three pieces in which melodic continuity is made
paramount. As to the Eight Children's Songs, these evince a positive approach
to the Stalinist dictates of the period, as well as furthering a line of
folk-based song composition with its antecedents in Janac˘ek, Bartok and
Stravinsky.
Described by the composer as his "farewell to folklore",
Dance Preludes was originally composed for clarinet and piano in 1954 and
orchestrated the following year (a further arrangement for chamber ensemble followed
in 1959), though the public première came only with the 1963 Aldeburgh
Festival, given by Gervase de Peyer, the English Chamber Orchestra and Benjamin
Britten. The opening Allegro molto features a perky theme for the soloist,
discreetly accompanied by orchestra. The Andantino is a wistful elegy, with a
noticeably Bartokian idea as contrast. With its effective writing for piano and
snare drum, the Allegro giocoso looks back to the rhythmic high jinks of the
Capriccio notturno from the recent Concerto for Orchestra. The Andante begins
as a stealthy motion in piano and lower strings, reminiscent this time of the
Passacaglia of the Concerto, the soloist unwinding a plaintive melody which
remains unresolved, tonally and emotionally, at the close. This uncertainty is
dispelled by the lively Allegro molto, with its folk-inflected theme and
syncopated accompaniment, ending with an amusing coup de theâtre.
The Double Concerto was commissioned by the Swiss conductor
and new music patron Paul Sacher for the oboist Heinz Holliger, at whose
request an obligato harp part for his wife Ursula was included. Completed in
1980, the work was first performed in August that year, when the Holligers were
joined by the Collegium Musicum and Sacher. The orchestra consists of two
percussionists and twelve strings which, though the number can be increased in
larger venues, enables the composer to use them as an ensemble of soloists.
The Rapsodico opens with swarming string textures, out of
which oboe and harp emerge in an elegant duet. This alternation of the two
musical 'types' continues in animated fashion, until a brusque gesture from
percussion brings them together in an Appassionato of high tension, culminating
in a return of the swarming strings and a violent percussive outburst, the
soloists left to end the movement in halting fashion.
Marked Dolente, the slow movement begins with an intricate
crescendo pattern on pizzicato strings, at the height of which oboe and harp
enter in a spare yet expressive dialogue. Again there is an intensifying
alternation, this time resulting in the arrival of gentle marimba chords which
deflect the soloists into keening reverie. After a brief confrontation with
drums, they unwind against ascending strings, whose dynamic crescendo leads straight
into the Marziale e grotesco finale.
This sets off as a fleet march for oboe and xylophone
against pirouetting strings, the harp then assuming the foreground in a
humorous dialogue with string glissandi. The central portion is reached with
grating oboe sounds, contrasted with magical ensemble textures, after which an
impulsive cadenza for the soloists culminates in a return of the strings'
opening gesture and a resumption of the march for oboe, harp and percussion.
Strings re-enter in a dense recall of the 'swarming' from the beginning of the
work, which now hurtles to its curt but decisive conclusion.
Composed in memory of the Polish musicologist and critic
Stefan Jarocinski (1912-80), Grave is subtitled Metamorphoses for cello and
piano. First given in Warsaw during April 1981, the piece was arranged for
thirteen solo strings the following year, a version first heard at the Festival
Estival in Paris that August. Jarocinski was renowned for his knowledge of
Debussy's music, Pelleas et Melisande above all, and Lutoslawski opens his
tribute with a quotation from the initial forest scene of that opera. Cello and
strings pursue a moodily intense dialogue, opening out in robust rhythmic
exchanges before a sustained cadenza passage ushers in the spectral, ambivalent
close.
After the completion of his Third Symphony in 1983, Lutoslawski
sought a new formal continuity in what he termed the 'chain' process of
overlapping musical ideas so that the beginning and ending of each is
deliberately blurred. Three such pieces were composed over the next three
years, Chain 1 being a commission from Michael Vyner for the fourteen players
of the London Sinfonietta, and given its first performance in London during
July 1983. Three distinct stages are apparent: first, a sequence of capricious
gestures for the instruments, solo and as members of the ensemble; second, the
melding of these gestures into progressively longer melodic lines, notably for
cello, flute, violin and trumpet, and fuller textures, culminating in a compressed
chordal sequence and ending with tam tam and cymbal strokes; finally, a brief
evaporation of tension and texture in the manner of several earlier works.
The eight Children's Songs are from a total of 45 such songs
that Lutoslawski wrote between 1947 and 1959, intended to fulfil a social need
rather than merely conform to the dictates of Socialist Realism during the
first half of that period. All eight are to texts by Julian Tuwim (1894-1953),
long considered the 'Polish A.A. Milne'. The two first songs date from 1948.
The Belated Nightingale is a whimsical lullaby, touchingly scored, while About
Mr Tralalinski is a good-humoured nonsense rhyme. The remaining six songs all
date from 1947. Dance has a cheeky rhythmic profile, while The Four Seasons is
of a gently melancholic strain. Kitten has the feel of wistful domesticity,
complemented by the jauntier tread of Grzes is going through the village. A
Brook emphasizes the melodic gift that Lutoslawski pursued in waltzes, tangos
and foxtrots written during the 1950s and early 1960s under the pseudonym
'Derwid'. The Bird's Gossips then rounds off the sequence in unaffected high
spirits.
Richard Whitehouse