Fryderyk Chopin (1810-1849)
Piano Favourites, Vol. 2
Fryderyk Chopin was born in 1810, the son of a French father
and a Polish mother. He spent his early life largely in Warsaw, where he had
his musical training at the Warsaw Conservatory and gave his first successful
concerts. He left Poland in 1830 to seek the kind of opportunities that his own
native country could not then offer. He spent a winter in Vienna, where he had
earlier won brief success on the occasion of another visit, but now that he was
in earnest pursuit of a career, he achieved nothing. He then moved to Paris
where he would live for the rest of his life.
In Paris, Chopin established himself as a pianist, generally
performing to private audiences in the elegant salons of the capital, rather
than competing with more ostentatious performers such as Liszt, Thalberg or
Kalkbrenner. Instead he found a more congenial position for himself as a
teacher with a socially distinguished clientèle.
Through Liszt, at whose way of life he had previously looked
askance, Chopin met the blue-stocking writer George Sand (Aurore Dudevant),
recently separated from her husband. The two became lovers and in the winter of
1838-39 travelled together to Mallorca, where the climate had a deleterious
effect on his health, with signs of tuberculosis that were alarming not only to
the couple but also to the local people, who had already nurtured suspicions of
the strange couple, accompanied, as they were, by George Sand's two children.
In France again he returned to his life in Paris, generally spending the summer
months at George Sand's country-house at Nohant. The complications of
involvement with George Sand's now adult children led to their separation in
1846. During the political disturbances of 1848, when normal life was
impossible in Paris, Chopin accepted an invitation to Britain, but the climate
greatly affected his weakened health. He returned to Paris, where he died in
1849.
Chopin's compositions were mainly for the piano. He was able
to use the instrument to convey subtle tone-colours, creating new forms to suit
his genius. His two Piano Concertos were written before he left Warsaw and were
intended as material for his career as a virtuoso performer. Much of his later
work, however, was for solo piano, composed in forms that he adopted and
developed, such as the Nocturne, the Waltz, the Polish Mazurka, and the
Polonaise.
The waltz, a German country dance in origin, had, by the end
of the eighteenth century, won considerable popularity in the ball-room, in
spite of the warnings of doctors and moralists. With Lanner and the Strauss
family in Vienna it became even more fashionable, making its way into opera and
into ballet. With composers like Chopin it found a further home in the salon,
and later, with Mahler and others, in the concert hall. Chopin had first turned
to the form in Warsaw in 1827, having already adapted Polish dances for his own
artistic purposes. The present collection includes two examples, the Waltz in E
minor [1], with its E major central section, written in 1830 and published
posthumously, and the more elaborate and adventurous Grande Valse in A flat
major, Op. 42 [14], written in 1840.
Among the forms that Chopin made his own was the Nocturne,
at one time synonymous with the Serenade, but with the Irish pianist John Field
and Chopin, his successor, a lyrical piano piece, offering, nominally at least,
a poetic vision of the night. Chopin's Nocturne in F sharp major, Op. 15, No. 2
[2], was one of a set of three published in Paris in 1833 with a dedication to
Mendelssohn's friend Ferdinand Hiller. Here the relatively tranquil outer
sections enclose a passage of greater intensity. The Nocturne in C sharp minor
[11], was written in Warsaw in 1830 but published posthumously in 1875.
Something of its character is indicated in the direction Lento con gran
espressione.
Chopin's single Barcarolle, Op. 60 [3], in F sharp major and
written in 1845-46, is an extended treatment of the original Venetian
boating-song, an example of the composer's later style in its complexity. The
rocking motion on which it is based still provides scope for elaborate
chromatic figuration above. The Berceuse, Op. 57 [7], in D flat major and
written in 1843, elevates the cradle-song into a higher art form, setting here,
as elsewhere, an example to later composers.
The four Ballades of Chopin are said to have been derived
from poems by the exiled poet Adam Mickiewicz. The third of these [5] was
written in 1841 during an uneasy summer spent, as had become his custom, with
George Sand at her country house at Nohant. The Ballade is said to draw on the poem
Undine by Mickiewicz, telling again the story of the mermaid, a subject of
opera and of other musical manifestations, whose love for a mortal would prove
fatal. The moderate voice of the narrator is heard at the outset, introducing
this tale of love, against the gentle rocking of the waves, leading to a
central development and a recapitulation of greater passion and intensity.
Chopin completed his set of 24 Preludes, Op. 28, during the
winter of 1838-39 spent in Mallorca, handicapped there at first by the lack of
a satisfactory piano and by the conditions in which he and Geroge Sand were
living. The Preludes, individual pieces rather than introductions to anything
else, as their title would have suggested, are in key order, each one followed
by its counterpart in the relative minor key, as the cycle proceeds through the
circle of fifths, the most complex keys at the heart of the whole work. The
Prelude No.17 in A flat major [4], an Allegretto in 6/8, is a lyrical work,
while the Prelude No. 20 in C minor [6] is in a slower and more sombre mood.
Chopin wrote his first set of a dozen Etudes between 1829
and 1832 and dedicated them to his friend Liszt. The second group of twelve
Etudes, Op. 25, were written between 1832 and 1836 and dedicated to Liszt's
mistress, the blue-stocking Comtesse Marie d'Agoult. The Etude in A flat major,
Op. 25, No. 1 [8], popularly known as 'The Aeolian Harp', has a melody
accompanied by arpeggiated chords held by the sustaining pedal of the piano,
creating a subtle mist of sound. The Etude in G flat major, Op. 25, No. 9 [13],
known to many as 'The Butterfly', brings contrasts of legato and staccato
within each group of notes.
The Impromptu, in title at least, was typical of its period
in its suggestion of immediate inspiration, abandon and freedom. Chopin wrote
the first of his four works under this title, the Impromptu in A flat major,
Op. 29 [9], in 1837. Its delicate and lively outer sections frame a more
sustained F minor section, which is at the heart of the work. He also wrote
four Scherzi, pieces that expanded beyond recognition the original scherzo
form, making what had been a little musical joke into a work of extended
virtuosity. Scherzo No. 2 in B flat minor, Op. 31 [12], written in 1837, starts
with a summons to attention, before the principal melody emerges. There is a
central oasis of A major tranquillity, before the original key and mood return.
The Mazurka takes its name from the Mazurs, inhabitants of
the province of Mazovia, near Warsaw. The dance is strikingly rhythmic, based
on rhythmic and melodic patterns followed by Chopin in his fifty odd versions
of the form. The Mazurka in A minor, Op. 17, No. 4 [10], with its A major
middle section, is a slower version of the dance, finding a place for a
poetically nuanced piece of writing.
The Fantasia in F minor, Op. 49 [15], was written in 1841.
It starts with a solemn march, through which the sunlight shines from time to
time. It was said to have been written at Nohant during a quarrel with George
Sand, who first knocks at the door and is then told to come in, before the
ensuing passionate conversation. The march moves on to a passage of greater
excitement, giving way to a more rational chordal intervention. In broadly
classical sonata form, the work ends, unusually, in A flat major.
Keith Anderson