Deodat de Severac (1872-1921)
Cerdana En Languedoc
The French composer Deodat de Severac belonged to a family of
long distinction. He was born in 1872 at St Felix de Caraman en Lauragais, in
the Haute-Garonne, the son of a distinguished Toulouse painter, Gilbert de
Severac, his first piano teacher. His mother was descended from the Aragon
family of Spain, while his great-grandfather had served as naval minister to
Louis XVI, the family boasting a descent that went back to the ninth century.
The boy studied at the Dominican College of Sorèze, established in 1854 on the
site of an ancient Benedictine foundation, before embarking on a degree in law
at the university in Toulouse. Before long he was able to move to the Toulouse
Conservatoire, where he was a student from 1893 to 1896. On the recommendation
of Charles Bordes, a former pupil of Cesar Franck, he was accepted by Franck's
leading disciple, Vincent d'Indy, as a pupil at the Schola Cantorum in Paris, a
choice of institution that he soon found preferable to the more rigidly
conservative academic discipline of the Paris Conservatoire.
At the Schola Cantorum Deodat de Severac was a composition
pupil of d'Indy and Alberic Magnard, with organ lessons from Alexandre
Guilmant, and piano training with Blanche Selva and with Isaac Albeniz, serving
as the latter's assistant from 1900. The period brought connections with fellow
students, including Albert Roussel, and also with leading painters, sculptors
and writers of the time. His compositions were heard in Paris, thanks in good
measure to the advocacy of Blanche Selva and Ricardo Vines. He later returned
to southern France, making his home either at St Felix or at Ceret, the latter
an artistic centre for painters such as Braque and Picasso in the second decade
of the twentieth century, earning the place the name of the 'Barbizon of
Cubism'. It was at Ceret that de Severac died in 1921.
Through his relatively short career de Severac stressed the
importance of local inspiration as a means of preserving a form of music that
was distinctively French. His songs include settings of texts in Catalan and in
Provençal, and it was this region, between Marseilles and Barcelona, that drew
his continuing interest and loyalty. His emphasis on the importance of
regionalism, the subject of his Schola Cantorum thesis La centralisation et les
petites chapelles en musique, was in accordance with the prevalent views at the
Schola and to some extent with the policies of Action française and Charles
Maurras, a patriotic campaigner for a strong hereditary monarchy that would
allow significant regional autonomy. De Severac retained his intense local
loyalties and interests, but not his sympathy with the Schola. Attitudes of
younger composers underwent some change, particularly after the scandal at the
Conservatoire over the denial of the Prix de Rome to Ravel and the subsequent
appointment of Gabriel Faure as director, and de Severac had more in common
with Debussy and Ravel than with the perceived formalism of the Schola. He was
greatly influenced by Isaac Albeniz, and completed Navarra, which Albeniz had
left incomplete at his death in 1909, having earlier rejected it from his
Iberia suite as descaradamente populachero (impudently vulgar).
De Severac wrote his suite Cerdana, described as Five
Picturesque Studies for the Piano, between 1908 and 1911. The district known in
French as the Cerdagne and in Spanish as Cerdana, straddling the French-Spanish
border in the Pyrenees, was originally the home of the Ceretani, from which its
name is derived. In later history it included three baronies, Ceret,
St-Laurent-de-Cerdans and Puigcerdà. The villages of the upper Cerdagne were
ceded to France, together with Roussillon, in 1659, while the ancient capital,
Llivia, designated a town and therefore exempted, remained and remains a
Spanish enclave, its name derived from the classical Julia Livia. The five pieces
of de Severac's suite start with En Tartane, arrival in the Cerdagne in a
two-wheel carriage. It begins in open admiration of the countryside, with
melodic hints of what is to come, as the journey moves rapidly on. The second
piece Les fêtes is described as a reminiscence of Puigcerdà, proclaimed the
capital of the Cerdana by Alfonso II in 1177 and on the Spanish side of the
frontier which passes through the region. The festival preparations start
tentatively, soon leading to livelier music of clear local provenance, with
pictorial allusions to the scene of celebration that passes, in a musical
language that often suggests that of Debussy, not least in the echo of a
distant evening fanfare, as the piece draws to a close. The third of the set,
Les menetriers et glaneuses, musicians and gleaners, depicts a pilgrimage to
Font-Romeu, now a popular sports and ski resort. The chapel there once held a
twelfth-century statue of the Blessed Virgin, while the place itself takes its
name from a spring. The musicians play their guitars and, as always, there is
more than a trace of Albeniz in the piano writing. In Les muletiers devant le
Christ de Llivia, the muleteers before the statue of Christ at Llivia, the
bells of the ancient fortified church are heard tolling in a vivid depiction of
the scene, as the worshippers offer their moving prayers and petitions. In Le
retour des muletiers the muleteers are heard travelling back over the mountain
roads, in music essentially of the region, Catalonia and the Spanish Pyrenees,
reflected through the prism of Paris.
The five piano pieces that constitute En Languedoc were
written in 1903 and 1904. These are less specific in their geographical
references, offering more generalised musical illustrations of the region of
France known as Languedoc. Vers le mas en fête leads to the farmstead where the
festival of the title is to be held, in often serene pianistic textures that
are very much an extension of the language of Debussy and, to a lesser extent,
of Ravel. Sur l'etang, le soir, illustrates the calm scene on the pond in the
evening in generally more transparent textures. This is followed by A cheval,
dans la prairie, riding in the open country, graphically illustrated in the
rhythm, suggesting the lively movement of the horse, with an occasional pause
to survey the countryside, before cantering on. Coin de cimetière, au
printemps, a corner of the cemetery in spring, opens meditatively, moving on
from serene contemplation in a country churchyard to a climax of romantic
feeling, before subsiding into its opening mood. The set ends with Le jour de
la foire, au mas, fair-day at the farmstead. This offers a characteristic
depiction of the country fair, in piano textures from the world of Debussy and
Ravel, always with the suggestion of local colour drawn from de Severac's own
part of France, the old province of Languedoc.
Keith Anderson